Switching From a Trimester Academic Calendar To a Semester Academic Calendar Essay Example for Free

Switching From a Trimester schoolman calendar To a Semester Academic Calendar EssayPart 1 IntroductionBackground of the Study The trimester course of instruction has norm anyy been implemented to help students learn in a oft periods prompt way in consideration with the sequence and the funds that would be involved at bottom the studying periods that the schooling process in trimester universities offer. For several old age now, the change and top improvemented countries around the world gestate effectively adapted to this particular way of learnedness. In fact, many among the students within the said countries atomic number 18 fit to generate their learned skills abruptly after attending school. However, there atomic number 18 too some risks that the education regulators feeling in implementing this particular time-controlling procedure of learning among students. Of course, as said earlier, in terms of time and finances, trimester certainly exculpates advan tage, however, the questions are, are the students learning the important points of the courses that they enroll into in such a short span of time?Are the teachers able to impart to their students the most important part of the lessons that they teach? Could it be that the students need more time to learn their professions for application later on? What are the results of the said learning system in the working industry and how does it affect the performance of the national economy? These questions primarily raised the possibilities of some universities aiming to shimmy their academic calendar to semester programs.Statement of the Problem Considering the facts mentioned above, it should then be clear that there are necessary elements that contribute to student learning procedures that need wariness in pursuing the duty period of academic calendars from trimester to semester program offerings of certain universities.The balancing of the views with regards the effectiveness of educ ational planning and presentation to the students is indeed one of the most knockout issues faced by the different departments devoted to educational advancements. The question then is that What academic schedule is really much more practical between the trimestral and the semestral programs offered within universities? Giving importance to this particular issue is a necessary for the advancement of the implication of education among the different institutions around the country.MethodologiesTo be able to semen up with a considerably amiable plan in dealing with the situation raised herein, it is necessary to consider some certain discussions that would be presented within the paragraphs that follow. This would be done through research and interview among the major educational administrations that are most likely concerned with the issue being dealt with by the compose of this study.Part 2 Data Collection and DiscussionThe Advantages and Disadvantages of a Trimester program The trimester program, as mentioned earlier has primarily been designed in assisting students who are preempted to be fast learners to attain a degree in college in a much faster procedure, reducing the time and the finances that they are to use to be able to finish their studies. To expand this particular part of the discussion, the finances shall be broken down to categories that would actually show the large amount of money saved by students and their parent under a trimester programBoarding and Miscellaneous ExpensesSince each trimester is trim down to three months, the expenses that the students would be paying for their dormitories or boarding houses would be reduced as well. Aside from this, the miscellaneous fees and expenses that the students spend while staying within the university would also be reduced in large amount.Tuition Fee PaymentsSince through the trimester program, the years spent with the school days are reduced the payment for the tuition fees are then paid fast thus reducing the worries of the parents for paying pertinacious term tuition fee rates. When it comes to studying as it is, this type of academic calendar hosts mostly academic activities and lesser extra curricular activities to help the students nidus on their subjects. some likely, students of this type of program are expected to love the pressure that they are facing in school. The consuming of time at the silk hat possible way is what is implemented in the universities that adapt to this type of educational process. On the new(prenominal) hand, teachers who are under this particular system also heart the pressure of stretching the time that has been given to them to discuss their lessons with their students. Most likely, what the teachers do is to give handouts to their students, stack them up with homework and do minimal discussions in class. Preempting that their students would do well in studying by themselves and bringing out the main idea of the lessons in the clas srooms, the educators settle for simple classroom recitations to base their evaluations of the students capabilities of learning as well as the effectiveness of their teaching procedures. Most likely, the teachers are forced to concise their lessons into the most basic interpretations that they could make to help their students understand. In this case, they are not able to flavor up the discussion to help the students not only understand but better apply the lessons that they learn from school. By this fact, it could be noted that the teachers are limited in pursuing their passion for teaching as they are held tight by schedule of compliance to the deadlines that they are accustomed to meet.The Advantages and Disadvantages of a Semester Program Semester programs are divided in four months per academic calendar. The four months are usually aided with several extra curricular activities that are aimed to help the students loosen up form the pressures that they receive from completing their projects in school. The extra curricular activities are also aimed in finding other potentials of the students in performing their lift out possible abilities for the sake of the goodness of their personality development. The educators in this type of learning are actually involved in a more controllable time in their own discretion. They have more time to spend with their students in helping them cope up with the subjects especially if they are having a hard time understanding the lessons on their own. It is through this procedure of learning and teaching that the educators are able to give ample time to one-on-one students in treating their difficulties in certain subjects. This is most especially effective in dealing with students who have a different language that the actual language being used as a medium of communication in the university. As for example, the American society holds at least 48% of its university population devoted to assisting minorities in their lear ning. Primarily, the students that they deal with have different languages of origin. Hence, learning use the English language as a medium may not be that easy for them to face as a challenge to their abilities of comprehending to the lessons presented to them. This does not mean that they are less intelligent than that of the English natives. However, because of the fact that they have lesser training in using the English language, they are less able to understand the gist of the lessons that are presented to them in the universities. In this setting, the educators are able to give assistance to their students at the shell possible way they could as they try different alternatives to help minorities understand their lessons better. The extra time that they could use to assist students certainly allows the teachers the chance to bring the best out of their learners. Although when it comes to learning procedures, the semester program of learning is amiably considerably advantageou s for the learning progress of the students, the said system of academic character adaptation is much disadvantageous when it comes to the financing of the expenses that are presumably to become a must in the lives of the students while they are staying in school. The tuition fee payments are also at some point easier to deal with in terms of the length of time allotted for them to prepare for the amount needed to be paid.What the Switching of Academic Calendar Could Do Knowing the advantages and the disadvantages of both academic calendar adaptations, it could be observed that both of them have their own leverage against the other. When it comes to the trimestral program the time and finances are given higher concern while the semestral programs on the other hand give much focus on the learning progress of the students.If the aim of education is to be considered closely, it could be seen that the main mission of educating students is to help them understand the lessons in the best way that they could in order for them to have a better application of the ideas in the actual practice in their employments later on. In this regard, the semestral program implication appears to be much practical. Hence, the pursuance of switching of the trimester program to the semester program is given closer concern and focus by some educational administrators.In terms of Budget and Financial IssuesFrom a trimestral setting, the parents and the students themselves would have a better control of their budget since the length of time given for them to complete the payment responsibilities that they have to the universities. Although in terms of boarding expenses the payment may not be that low, the adjustment of the activities that the students engage with may do the trick of reducing and balancing both time and budget that are allotted for the time of learning that they are supposed to complete.Teacher or Educator AdjustmentsTrimestral teachers are to be given a lengthened chance of reevaluating their teaching lesson plans thus be able to recreate their system in assisting the students individually in their studies. They could then a lot more time in discussing their lessons in class rather than just sending the works to their students for home completion. Recitation activities are still applicable however the time could be extended as length of days that certain activities and lessons are to be hosted by the educators to help their students comprehend with the gist ideas of the lessons.Student Learning Capabilities and PressuresThe time that is given for students to have ample chance of learning their lessons could actually be turned into a more productive time that would assist the students develop several other skills that they could apply in their jobs later on. Most likely, this situation helps them asses themselves as to how much pressure they are able to tolerate and still perform at their best.For those students who belong with the minority of the p opulation could then be assisted in understanding their lessons better through continuous practice of the usage of the language. The lack of too much pressure in accepting all the necessary lessons could be noted as a way by which the students are given leeway in practicing the knowledge that they are able to gain form the universities.Part 3 Conclusion From this discussion, it could be noted that trimester and semester programs are able to get the best out the students in several ways of consideration. Trimestral program adaptation could be applied in universities that are giving educational assistance to the above average intellect students.This is primary because of the fact that the pressures of learning in this particular procedure of academic calendar setting could cause the minorities a hardship in comprehending with the major points of the lessons that they are supposed to be learning from their educators. In applying the semester program, the educators are able to give atte ntion to each individual students progress in learning their lessons. The time that they could spend in the learning processes would indeed allow them to find the best ways by which they could apply their lessons in actual procedures of practice in the future.ReferencesWashington State Higher learning Coordinating Board. (2000). WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY ACADEMIC CALENDAR Semesters vs. Quarters. http//www.hecb.wa.gov/Docs/reports/WSUcalendar12-2000.pdf. (July 12, 2007)U.S. Office of Education Circular No. 248, November 15, 1948.DH News Service, Bangalore. (2007). No word yet on timing, semester system. metropolis SCHOOLS REOPEN, TEACHERS IN DARK OVER GOVT PROPOSALS. http//www.deccanherald.com/Content/May292007/national200705294376.asp?section=frontpagenews. (July 12, 2007)Gall. Chapter 2. Developing A Research Proposal.Stringer. Chapter 3. Initiating a Study Research Design.

Employee Volunteer Program Essay Example for Free

Employee Volunteer Program EssayEmployee volunteer program is a major part of the Corporate Citizenship profile that has become an intrinsic agenda of many successful companies, who understand the value of companionship service and ar construct to contribute their resources in its various forms to such gesture. This is because the importance of employee development is overwhelming it extends to the company, the employee and the community in which the program is launched.This concept of employee volunteer program describes a agency a company commemorates a mission statement and proposes goals with a view to contributing to the community in which they live, by getting their employee involved in charity, giving, and community services. These seeming philanthropic activities are targeted at a particular community, unremarkably that which the company serves with its products and services.This agenda is an indispensable program for excellent companies it is important because it contributes to the Corporate Citizenship spotter of the company which is promoted among the members of such community. A detailed look at the benefits of the plan has made intelligent company leaders and boards to incorporate it into their companys mission statement. Really, the importance of corporate social responsibility can not be overemphasized. The benefits are enormous it is a win-win situation for all.The employees, if well incorporated into the agenda, are change in human relationships, and there is increased employee loyalty. Loyalty is fast promoted when the program recognizes, acknowledges and duly appreciates employee contribution to the company. The company social image is promoted because of such programs. It increases its ability to go in the connection, and convince it of its products or services it also makes the organization a good corporate citizen. Communities benefit directly from the program there is associated development.A section of the society is imp roved through the charity, giving and other forms the program could have taken. Everyone smiles home. And this impact makes the community another marketable centre for the organization, and an extension of its advertising unit. Its benefits outweigh its costs. However, those are also very important as it makes a decision to incorporate such a balanced one the financial implications are enormous since it is usually a charity parade. This is one of the major costs that the company battles with.It is only with effective dialogue that employees see the need for it otherwise, it wont achieve it set goals. This implies that companies should be ready to create a viable structure for it, fund such and promote it even to the employees that would be involved. Since it is a volunteer, it stands the risk of non-compliance if this structure and communication are not in place. However, employee volunteer program promotes the Company, its employee and the community served. It is a good agenda for a corporate social responsibility.

The Inspiration And Reliability of The Bible Essay Example for Free

The Inspiration And reliableness of The interpret book EssayThe record book is not an ordinary book in circulation. In fact, because of its ordinary features, the discussion has been in incertitude and had been greatly criticized for many years. It was not only the atheists and the liberals who were the greatest of its critics but the cite also includes the sacred non-Christian community. It is not however the responsibility of the Christian community to defend the book of account against its critics. This is because the Bible itself can prove its integrity and dependableness. It is for this reason that the Bible is held some, inspired and reliable book. The Christians responsibility is to believe. In this paper, this printr aims to provide several(prenominal) but essential points that will prove the integrity of the Bible. This writer also explored several writings by respected and reliable theologians, archeologists and writers who worked on finding the answers to the questions and criticisms which aimed to disprove the truth of the Bibles reliability.TEXTUAL QUESTIONS ON THE BIBLE Critics live been systematically claiming that there is a great possibility that the Bible passages have been copied and transmitted from generation to generation (C. Blomberg). Critics hence point to the question whether the Bible has been accurately translated and transmitted. Craig Blomberg referred to this as the Bibles textual question. The textual questions include the occurrence of textual variations and the claims that the Bible has lost some truths. There are several evidences available to us that prove these claims wrong. First, there are evidences that the Bible can be reconstructed from the original texts. Rabbi Glenn Harris, in his hold entitled, Why the Bible is the Word of God end I Trust the Bible? made a good comparison of Homers Iliad and the Bibles virgin Testament in vow to stress the textual integrity of the Bible. Of the 20,000 lines co ntent of the New Testament, only 40 lines are state to be in question and that is virtually just a half percent.As with Iliad, which is said to be the second ancient Greek/Latin literature having the most number of holograph testimony, have 764 lines in question out of its 15,600 lines. IN comparison, the lines in question account for five percent. It is still to be noted that the textual criticisms of the New Testament will rack up up to a matter of missing letters and misspellings that are too insignificant to alter the essence of the texts involved. An separate point of comparison is on the number of manuscript evidences relative to the two ancient writings. Relative to the New Testament, there are more than 24,000 manuscript copies existing to date, 10,000 of which were in Latin versions and the rest were in otherwise early versions. The Iliad had only 643 surviving manuscripts (F. Kenyon).HISTORICAL QUESTIONS OF THE BIBLE The Bible, especially the Old Testament, is full of s tories- narratives that place the Bible in question. However there are archeological evidences that prove these eventidets, places and Bible characters to have been actually taken place and existed. Of the long list provided by archeologists and Bible scholars, Bryant Wood has provided some of them. King Solomon, for example, who was made far-famed for his great wealth have been proven to have actually existed. Archeological records have proven his wealth exactly as the Bible described.The land of paradise was also in question as to its existence but writings on clay tablets recovered in Syria in 1970s in the Ebla document proved it to be true. The Assyrian king Sargon mentioned by the prophet Isaiah was proven to have actually lived when the kings palace was discovered in Khorsabah in Iraq. In the same discovery also the proved the occurrence of the capture of Ashdod by its records in the walls of the palace exactly as how Isaiah had recorded. Upon the discovery of the Hittites records and their large(p) at Bogazkoy in Turkey that proved the Bibles records of their existence. By dating the manuscripts, the Bible can prove itself historically reliable. A well-known archeologist said that the average gap between an original composition and the earliest available copy is over 1,000 years for other works of manuscript (N. Geisler). The New Testament autographs, according to Harris dated 40 to 100 A.D. while its earliest copy was printed about 125 A.D.The gap of 250-300 years between the said dates thereof corroborates with the average gap. AS with the Old Testament, the Dead Sea Scrolls discovered in 1947 must be sufficient enough to prove its integrity. Including a copy of Isaiahs scroll, the Dead Sea Scrolls also revealed a 95 percent similarity to the said texts of our Modern Hebrew Bible. The remaining five percent of the text, according to Gleason archer accounts for the demonstrable slips of the pen and variations of spellings (G. Archer, 1974). It i s thus equitable to conclude that archeology has confirmed the substantial historicity of the Old Testament Tradition (F. Albright).THEOLOGICAL QUESTIONS OF THE BIBLE The Bible is not uprightly a historical book that records the events relative to the grounding of Christianity. The Bible, more importantly, is a book that contains moral guidelines and ethical religious standards set for all mankind. open analysis will therefore answer the question wherefore the Bible has been theologically criticized. Since the Bible by itself is authoritative, in the sense that there were not fewer rules and regulations contained therein, there are people who will be made morally guilty, and if not, uncomfortable. It is but a natural reaction of the concerned ones to object to the Biblical doctrines and by all means, to have it rendered as a myth. The Bible is therefore held in the situation where it has to prove itself true and reliable. Having the Bible in an acid test, let us first look int o the reliability of the prophecies contained therein. The Bible has so far fulfilled 2,000 of its 2,500 prophecies to date (H. Ross). It is true that it is the fulfillment of his prophecies that distinguishes a genuine prophet with that of a upright fortuneteller. The Bible has been proven to have the genuine prophets as by the fulfillment of their prophecies with 100 percent accuracy. Hugh Ross in his article entitled Prophecy raise for the Reliability of the Bible presented thirteen independent prophecies and their fulfillment. This writer, for the purpose of discussion, would like to have five of the well-known prophecies and the fulfillments. The Prophet Daniels prophesied of the coming Messiah and the account of his death. after(prenominal) the tax return of Jerusalem in 458 B.C, Jesus Christs ministry began 483 years later, exactly as had been prophesied. His death, according to the prophecy, will occur before the destruction of the Jerusalem, which had actually happened in 70 A.D. The birth of the Messiah in Bethlehem is a historical fact which happened exactly how prophet Micah foretold. The Land of Edom, now part of Jordan, has been foretold by the prophet Jeremiah, to develop a barren and uninhabited wasteland. Examining the area in our time, the prophet had it accurately described.The prophet Isaiah prophesied that Cyrus will destroy the mighty Babylon, including Egypt, and will make the Jews free without ransom. After 150 years, Cyrus was born, had conquered Babylon and won over Egypt after 30 years. The Jewish exile also occurred according to what the prophet predicted. Another prophecy that has been historically proven to have been fulfilled was the betrayal of Jesus by Judas Iscariot. As had been prophesied by Zechariah, Jesus was betrayed in exchanged for 30 make-ups of silver, the sum of which were used to purchase a piece of land as place of burial for poor aliens.THE INSPIRATION OF THE BIBLE The evidences and proofs of the Bibles inte grity and historical authenticity as have been explained and mentioned in the above sections. These evidences are enough to prove itself worth as infallible and divinely inspired. However, there are still doubtfulnesss that the Bible is just a digest of the writings of ordinary valet de chambre beings who lived before and after the birth of Jesus Christ, the Messiah. This claim can be disputed by mere presentation of the obvious facts about the Bible. The authors of the forty authors of the different books of the Bible were persons of different socio-economic and educational backgrounds.Those authors came from the different continents of Africa, Asia and Europe and who wrote in different languages-Hebrew, Greek and Aramaic. The said authors were kings like Solomon, political and religious leaders like Paul, ordinary fishermen like Peter, physician like Luke and many others. The fact that their works were written in different styles and forms and were actually written with a thousa nd years time span, it is but hard to question how the views and events they have recorded came in harmony even if they have not person-to-personly met. If the Bible is not divinely inspired, it would be hard to imagine how the different books will come together in harmony, relative to its content. Here is one formidable foundation of establishing the reliability of the Bible Jews preserved it as no other manuscript has ever been preserved. With their massora, they kept tabs on every letter, syllable, word and paragraph. They had special classes of men at heart their culture whose sole duty was to preserve and transmit these documents with practically perfect fidelity (R. Bernard, 1949). J.C. Ryle, in his The Inspiration of the Bible has carefully explained few of the many reasons why one should have faith on the fact that the Bible has been divinely inspired. This writer adapted the five listed facts on the said article as follows The extraordinary depth, fullness and richness on the Bibles contents- Ryle had specially mentioned the intangible spiritual things that were importantly discussed in the Bible. Since the Bible is not just a record book, it has special accounts of the soul, eternity, the Holy Spirit, the Heaven and the Hell, eternity and many more. These things are beyond mans imagination and mans capacity to explain and til now these things are true and existing.If the Bible has been mans own ideas and feelings, it would have been a compilation of the things that he can comprehend. If the Bible is just a mere religious writing, then it should have included mans own criticisms on the other religions that contradict to what it fosters as Christian doctrines. The Bible has also a complete account of the worlds beginning and end including its inhabitants and the other creatures and things in the universe. It has accounts of both good and bad conditions and the means of getting along with it. To sum it up, the Bible is complete in the sense that it h as treated all the aspects of human existence and the things and events that affect the whole world. The Bible has the extraordinary unity and harmony in its contents. This is despite the fact that the Bible has different authors in different walks of life, who lived in different periods and eras, who spoke different languages and written in different forms and styles. They all write as if they were under one dictation (C. Ryle). In whatever way they have expressed the ideas, they all unified to one central thought the race of man and God. There is extraordinary wisdom and majesty in the style of the Bible that makes it unique among all writings that existed and still existing. The Bible cannot be compared to other readings in any aspect because it stands on its own unique and proven reliable and true. The Bible speaks of wisdom and not just mere knowledge. Without using indwelling evidences, that is, by using its own words, the Bible has been proven its unquestionable integrity. As Ryle said, there are no weak points, and motes, and flaws, and blemishes.If we are to look into the laws, the rules and regulations it had set off for man, we can clearly draw the fact that the Bible speaks with authority. It has truth and the Bible is determined to foster the truth and to reveal what God wants of the human race. The Bible speaks without doubt and sort of uncertainty as to its stand and views on every little thing. The Bible has the element of accuracy and preciseness in its presentation of facts. With God as the central figure in the Old Testament and His Son, Jesus Christ in the New Testament, the Bible had established and made shine the Majesty of God. What the Bible teaches cannot be bought and acquired anywhere and with any other means other than reading the Bible and with faith in God. The Bible contains spiritual things that suit the need of mankind. earthly concern is not a mere creature that can be compared to robots. Man is a moral creature, unique to other creatures for its feelings, reasoning ability, the spirit and his relationship with God. It is therefore vital for man to have his spiritual needs to be satisfied and that these cannot be given by even the writings of the most intelligent human being on earth. What I am trying to point out is that the Bible has the purpose of guiding man towards building and taking care of his personal relationship with God. The Bible distinguishes the food of the body from the food of the soul. There is also the extraordinary fact of the Bibles effect on the nations where it was written, taught and read. As has been said earlier, the Bible does not only aim to educate and to inform. It has also the vital purpose of satisfying the spiritual needs of every human being that no other book can provide. The Bible is the only book that speaks accurately of the facts of the future, the present and the future of the world the human race.CONCLUSION By discussing the different questions and criticisms a bout the Bible, we were able to establish the fact of its integrity and reliability. By using external evidences like archeological records and discoveries, we were able to prove that the Bible is historically reliable. By spirit at the prophecies and comparing them to the fulfilled ones, we were able draw out the conclusion that the Bible has in fact ninety five percent textual reliability and has one hundred percent accuracy on its prophecies.Relative to its inspiration, we have proven that the Bible is divinely inspired as evidenced by its fair and complete presentation and treatment of ideas and things even those beyond what the human mind can comprehend. In is therefore but fair enough to conclude that even without defending the Bible, it can by itself stand firm enough to prove its integrity and reliability.WORKS CITEDArcher, Gleason L. Survey of Old Testament Introduction . Chicago blue Press, 1974.Blomberg, Craig. Can the Scriptures be Trusted? Retrieved on May 29, 2007 fr om http//www.dtl.org/bible/article/trusted.htm Harris, Glenn. Can I Trust the Bible? Retrieved on May 29, 2007 from http//www.gospeloutreach.net/bible.htmlKenyon, Frederick G. The Bible and archeology.Harper Row, New York, ,1940, p. 288.McDowell, Josh. Evidence That Demands a Verdict San Bernadino, CA Heres Life Publishers, 1979.Ramm, Bernard. Can I Trust My Old Testament?The Kings Business, Feb., 1949 pp. 230, 231.Ross, Hugh. Fulfilled Prophecy Evidence of the Reliability of the Bible Retrieved on May 29, 2007 from http//www.gospeloutreach.net/bible4.htmlRyle, J.C. The Inspiration of the Bible Retrieved on May 29, 2007 from http//www.biblebb.com/files/ryle/inspiration_of_the_bible.htmWood, Bryant. In what ways have the discoveries of archaeology verified the reliability of the Bible? Retrieved on May 29, 2007 from http//christiananswers.net/q-abr/abr-a008.htmlZeolla, Gary F. Science and the Bible Retrieved on May 29, 2007 from http//www.dtl.org/bible/article/science.htmZeolla, Gar y F. Have the Precious Truths Been Lost from the Bible? Retrieved on May 29, 2007 from http//www.dtl.org/cults/article/precious.htm

Schumpeterian Growth Model And Convergence Theory Economics Essay

Schumpeterian process Model And Convergence Theory Economics EssayThe Schumpeterian baby-sit, developed by Aghion and Howitt (1992) is an stinting out exploitation precedent that includes expert improvements, or innovation. This leads to the process of creative destruction where the advancement of new technologies renders the old obsolete. To give a theoretical character, colour mobile phones wear replaced the old black and discolour ones in stores. Also the advancement of mobile phone engine room could mean less need for wrist watches or cameras. This is based on the work pioneered by Joseph Schumpeter (1950) where trailblazers are the drivers of economic increase. He popularised the use of the term creative destruction or Schpferische Zerstrung.The efficiency frontier, used interchangeably with technological frontier, is based on egression with technological pull ahead. It describes how technological implementation touchs the increase say of countries depending on t heir relative come upon of technological teaching. An industrialising estate is far stooge the frontier so has a erect advantage by adopting the technologies of wealthier countries. As the scrimping moves closer to the frontier the effectiveness of this practise is abated. Hence policies that are effective in one economy could be detrimental in a nonher depending on their level of industrialisation. This has implications on the theory on convergence. If a country is positively invest in RD they should be able to maintain economic growing. The way a country converges and if convergence is possible depends art objecty on its comparative level of development and in part on its economic policies. Hence the Schumpeterian theory is that of club convergence. at that place are diffe look at levels of convergences a country moves towards the equal frontier to that of his technological peers.This paper looks at the basic sit down of Schumpeterian growing and hence applies it ex amine why ingathering rates differ across countries. The remainder of the paper is set out as follows section 2 provides a brief literature review, section 3 presents the model. An application of the Schumpeterian model is looked at in section 4 where the effect of technological advancement is used to examine the technological frontier. piece 5 is an data-based testing of the model including the efficiency frontier is looked at in section 4. voice 6 looks at convergence due to technological advancement. and section 7 concludes and suggests areas for future research.Section 2 Literature reviewMajority of the work in this field has been underinterpreted by Aghion and Howitt. They developed the original model and have released a number of papers, together and corroborating with others, that expand the model. They have to a fault done work on the technological frontier. Acemoglu has also published a prominent amount of literature in this field. Barro and Sala-i-Martin (2004) have pr ovided a good algebraic model which is replicated in the beside section. Jones (1995), Young (1998) and subsequently Dinopoulos and Thompson (1998) have developed neo-Schumpeterian models to remove scale affects.Empirical literature testing the accuracy of the model is rare, especially for countries outside the EU (excluding the USA). most(prenominal) empirical literature discovered is testing other theories within the context of the Schumpeterian growth model. Zachariadis (2002) gives an overview of previous empirical literature and finds that most conform to the Schumpeterian model. He past does his own analysis and concurs that an increase in technological progress has a positively affects the growth rate of output. Teixeira and Vieira (2004) examine the relationship amid productiveness and clement large(p) in Portugal. They find the pattern conforms to the Schumpeterian model of creative destruction. A problem with the literature is that they all use statistics on patent a pproval as a measure of technological development. The Schumpterian growth model is concerned with technological improvement in general, not just new innovations, so in this parapraxis imitation could also be included. The problem is that it is difficult to find data on imitation rates in an economy. Xu (2000) attempts to solve this problem by utilize data on the rate of engineering science transfers from US multinational enterprises to both developed and developing economies. Empirical literature also tends to focus on the USA, whom is at the forefront of the efficiency frontier. This could leave in an unde shackimation on the effects of RD on growth because there is no effect from technological transfer at the head of the frontier.Once again Aghion and Howitt are prominent researchers in the field of Schumpeterian convergence. Howitt (2000) provided a framework which was later developed into a model (Howitt Mayer-Foulkes, 2004). Krugmans paper (1994) was germinal in literatur e on growth accounting, an early paper on Schumpeterian convergence. He argued the miraculous growth rates experience by the Soviet sodality and in Asia were simply a product of large scale increases in input. There must be technological change for growth to be sustainable.Section 3 The modelIn the Schumpeterian growth paradigm, growth in driven by technological change. Here new technologies replace the old in a process described as creative destruction (Durlauf, 2010). In this model we assume new technologies are completely substitutable for the old ones. So as new technologies are invented they completely drives out the old technology from the marketplace. Innovation leads to a higher(prenominal) level of output being achieved for a attached level of working capital and labour than was previously possible which enables the economy to transcend the law of diminishing returns (Weil, 2005). get into 1 in the appendix shows the law of diminishing returns where the royal line indi cates the higher output possibility with technological improvement. The country acquires this new technology either through innovation or imitation.There are ternion players in the model makers, innovators and consumers (Barro Sala-i-Martin, 2004). Innovators perform RD in order to develop new technologies. Those that are successful receive monopoly take ins from the product due to patents. Note that the latest innovator has a efficiency advantage compared to the previous innovator nevertheless he has a disadvantage compared to the next. This is because the latest innovator is able to expand upon past fellowship in his creation of new technologies. This is shown in Figure 2. The successful innovator has the right to sell his idea to a final good producer, at this play the profit stream to the previous innovator is terminated.The model makes several assumptions about the producers. There are a fixed amount products in the economy of varying quality. Each new producer is diffe rent from the old producer. So when innovations are make the old producer receives no to a greater extent profit and the new producer takes over the market. Therefore the industry leader has the first mover advantage. The duration of dominance in the market is random (Barro Sala-i-Martin, 2004). The products are placed on a quality ladder, as shown in Figure 3. There are different goods of quality K. An improvement in a certain good corresponds with a impetus up the ladder, an increase in K. Figure 4 shows the quality ladder for an individual product. Here we can see that duration between quality improvements and the surface of quality improvements are both random.An incomplete, simplistic version of the growth model is as follows in an economy with a fixed amount products, output is given byYi = ALi1- .Nj=1 (qKjXij)where Yi is output in industry i, given A is the technology parameter, L is labour input and qKjXij is the quality, K, adjusted amount of the jth vitrine of interm ediate good X in industry i. If P is price, a firm maximises profit withYi wLi Nj=1 PjxijDemand for product X checks the marginal address of productionXj = L. AqKj/Pj1/(1-)The monopoly profit, Kj, for the innovator is the difference between the price of the product and marginal cost of productionKj =(Pj -1)XjIf Zj Kj is the flow of resources (as in figure 1) and is random thus an innovator faces probability of successpKj = Zj Kj.Kjand with as a parameter equal to the cost of doing research is equal tokj = (1/). q-(kj+1)./(1-)which is an endogenous variable (Barro Sala-i-Martin, 2004 321-22).The consumers are interested in consuming the latest good. If is a constant representing the e oddmenticity of marginal utility, in other words the willingness to substitute and (r ) is a marker of growth over m then household consumption grows by/C = (1/).(r )The interest rate can be defined as a lock of profit flow, , the cost of doing research, , and the probability of successr = ( /) pSo the amount of resources devoted to RD in sector j at k quality can be defined asZkj = q(kj+1)./(1-).( r)Hence aggregate RD spending isNj=1 Zkj= q/(1-)Q.( r)Q is the aggregate level of quality improvements. The growth rate of Q is equal toQ/Q = ( / r).q/(1-) 1If we algebraically substitute the above equation into the the consumption growth equation, allowing for r =( /) p we get the growth rate = q/(1-) 1 . ( /) 1+ . q/(1-) 1We can see growth increases with economic profit flows, , and quality enhancements, q, plainly decreasing with the cost of research, , and the utility parameters and (Barro and Sala-i-Martin, 2004 91, 327-31).The basic model has been expanded upon in recent literature. Aghion et al (2001) relaxes the assumption that the monopoly rent receiver will cease to innovate while he receives the rents. In this model there are two firms in an industry so the rent receiver must continue to innovate in order to move on up with the industry leader. This is grand because leap frogging is not possible in this model and competition is important for growth. I was unable to find empirical testing of this framework but the assumptions made are more realistic to the real universe of discourse. For example, when Nintendo invented the gameboy in the 1990s, they did not wait for the competitors to develop hand held gaming devices before they made improvements to the original gameboy. The paper also proposes that a small level of imitation is endlessly good for growth because it encourages competition. Contrastingly, large levels of imitation is detrimental. This issue is explored further in the next section. Aghion et al. (2005) introduce credit constraints into there model. In reality poorer countries are dependent in how much they can imitate because they do not have tolerable money. Poorly functioning financial institutions or markets limit the flow of credit to potential entrepreneurs. Another line of research was pioneered by Jone s (1995) we he brought into light the problems with assuming scale affects. Scale affects arise because the in the classic Schumpeterian model, Aghion and Howitt (1992) assume productiveness will rise as the population increases but this has not been empirically supported (Durlauf, 2010). Aghion and Howitt (1998) ac noesisd the correction to their model and have also incorporated growth effects into their new model. Dinopoulos and Thompson (1998) have also based work on Jones model by modifying the welfare effects.Section 4 Efficiency FrontierThe Schumpeterian model describes growth due to technological progress. The productivity parameter is shown as a change in technology between two periods. If n is the frequency innovations take place, m the frequency of implementation and is a multiple of the new technology we can write the productivity parameter asAt+1 At = n(-1)At + m(At-At)and we can describe the growth rate,g, as the percentage change in productivity between the two perio ds (At+1 At)/Atg = n(-1) + m(-1-1)where -1 = At/t (Durlauf 2010 232).This leads us to the theory of the technological frontier. The country at the forefront of the frontier is the most technologically progressive economy, which has typically been the USA (Griffth et al. year). The distance of a country to the frontier impacts the effectiveness of adopting technologies and policies on growth. This is used to explain the experience of the slowdown of european growth after the 1970s. It cannot be explained by the Solow model as atomic number 63 had much higher levels of nest egg (Aghion Howitt 2006 270). An alternative explanation is the lower frequency of technological implementation in Europe meant the continent could not keep up with the USA in terms of growth during the technological revolution during the 1980s. The technological frontier is captured algebraically by = m/(g + m n(-1))which is the sozzled state shelter of at (Durlauf 2010 233).Gerschenkrons theory of backwardn ess is incorporated into the model above. Gerschenkron (1962) proposed that relatively backwards economies could achieve high levels of growth by investing RD into imitating technologies of the advanced countries. Relating it to this model, economies far behind the frontier could move closer to by enabling a large increase in m because it is quicker to mimic technologies instead of inventing new ones. This result is true for OECD countries (Griffith et al 2000 893) At the lower stage of development countries are advantaged by implementing anti-competitive policies that would encumber growth at later stages of development. For example, having m any state owned enterprises means lower competition. This means an economy should not rely on investment based strategies for a prolonged period of time, at later stages of development they should start to encourage innovation instead. Investment based strategies are those that protect certain industries, foster strong relationships between firms and workers and between firms and banks, and encourage high levels of savings (Acemoglu et al 2006 38-9). The German and Japanese economic model is an example of this. Although perhaps not the best example as both economies also place impressiveness on innovation. Figure 6 shows the relationship between distance to the frontier and barriers to competition. This confirms that the closer a country is to the frontier, the more detrimental barriers to competition are to growth by the significant negative coefficient in all estimates for this relationship. The relationship between distance to the frontier and low barriers on growth is less negative and not significant (Acemoglu et al. 2006 42-43). Most papers find tacit knowledge to be an important factor when adapting technologies. In this case location and close relationships with developed countries is important because the information can be easily passed on. An example was given in Griffith et al (2004 883) of when the Britis h supplied the Americans with jet planes during the Second World War. The planes had to be redrawn to comply with American standards, a process which took ten months. Even once a country has sufficiently developed institutions or a high level of human capital it could allay be at a disadvantage because it does not have the knowledge implicit in other regions.In the case of USA versus European economic growth, one aspect not covered by the model is that Europe is made up of many different countries with different attitudes. Hence in fiscal matters responsible nations like Germany need to make up for large spending nations like Greece and Hungary. Countries like France and Sweden have highly developed social welfare systems, which kibosh growth, while the US welfare system is notoriously poor. On the other hand the social welfare systems can also play into the Schumpeterian model. For example, firm origination and exit rates are far lower in Europe, partly because Europeans tend to be more cautious in entrepreneurship and failure is not as heavily stigmatised in the US (Verheul et al 2002 230). Firm turnover is part of creative destruction. Note that high entry and exit rates are only if important at the head of the frontier. As described above, they should be low when a country is far behind the frontier, consistent with anti-competitive behaviour.The importance of technological progress for growth is seen in the examples of the Soviet Union in the 1950s and the East Asian miracle in the 1990s. These countries locomote rapidly towards the frontier during their respective years of growth but it was unable to be sustained and they never reached the frontier. The high growth rates have been found to have resulted from large scale increases to input (Krugman, 1997) in other words from government investment and growing populations. The governments failed to successfully switch to innovation strategies and the growth rates faltered. A similar phenomenon appears to be unfolding at the moment in China. Once the population growth rate starts to decrease it remains to be seen whether they can continue to sustain their economic growth.An government then faces the problem of when to switch from policies promoting catch up growth to those enabling competition. Acemoglu et al. (2006 64) has derived an algebraic model capturing the point where an economy should switch strategiesThe turning point is a function of , innovation incentive, , anti-competition and , the fraction of government subsidised investment. This equation also incorporates the spillovers, cost of the investment, the skills of the entrepreneur and the amount of high skilled agents in the economy. The full model is explained in Acemoglu et al (2006). If the economy were to transfer before the turning point was reached it would lose the advantage of backwardness and also may not have industries developed enough to compete world(prenominal)ly. On the other hand if it remains in the i nvestment stage for too long it may risk falling into the non convergence trap. Growth levels stagnate because total factor productivity is not increasing with the global standard.The problem with this model is that it is simplistic. There are many factors hard to capture in economic model. An example is poorly developed countries tend to have high levels of corruption. Powerful business leaders could influence the decision not to switch off from the investment strategy. In the case above with the Soviet Union there were political problems keep growth when communism fell. Another problem is that the communist undone large amounts of resources with their inefficient techniques. Large amounts of land became in-arable due to pollution and untapped oil became inaccessible. Natural resources or geographic local could also affect growth. For example the EU has great benefits to member countries. There could be problems mobilising the population from rural to urban areas such as in Afri ca. Sociologist literature places emphasis in a national psyche that influences economic growth. This is common in entrepreneurial literature when examining regional motivational difference but discredited somewhat in economic literature. The example previously used in this paper is that America is more entrepreneurial because of its emphasis on individualism and willing acceptance of change. This is a primer for their strong growth. The empirical testing of the above framework is looked at in the next section.Education is another important factor to consider in growth models. Does higher human capital result in economic growth. One might assume with a highly educated population there is great likelihood of successful innovations. Yet as described in the above scale effects literature this is not automatically true. A country with a basic primary and secondary nurture may advance in the earlier stages of development but there are diminishing returns to scale as the country progre sses towards the frontier. For countries near to the frontier a greater emphasis must be placed on tertiary education. Table 1 shows the educational attainments of 5 large OECD countries. USA and Japan both have relatively high levels and France has been quite low. Table 2 shows Japan and the US have had the highest levels of productivity growth over the period and the Netherlands was low. The amount of total patents shown in Table 3 shows a different ranking. The USA and Japan still at the top but Germany has also performed highly. France and Netherlands have granted a far lower amount of patents. These figures are too superficial to make any conclusions and further research should be done on this issue but it seems tertiary education is unrelated to patent number but could be one of many contributing factors towards productivity growth. It might be useful to look at increases in education rates and compare it to increases in patent rates to see if tertiary education has an affect on innovation when close to the frontier.Section 5 Empirical evidenceThere have been examples of data from various countries conforming to the Schumpeterian model of growth, as a closer fit than captured by the Solow model. Venturini (2010) have taken data from the US economy. He has expanded the model to include , the rate at which ideas incur obsolete. He finds only a weak fit to the Schumpeterian model but acknowledges that this could be to do with a bias formed from the underlying assumptions of the framework. Teixeira and Vieira (2004) find the Schumpeterian model fits the case of regional Portuguese data. They estimated an econometric model of human capital, firm productivity and firm failure rates. The main finding is that regions with higher levels of income and human capital have higher failure rates on comely, a process of creative destruction. Clydesdale (2007) finds the Chinese economic growth is hampered by not engaging a technological enhancement strategy. The Chines e economy is restricted by being overly ridgid and too specialised, making change difficult (Clydesdale, 2007 71). Recent Chinese growth has been found to be resultant from a large scale increase in the bar of inputs rather than from improvement in input quality. Historically this has not been a sustainable method of growth, for example the former USSR.Zachariadis (2010) used a neo-Schumpeterian model to estimate an RD steady state on the US manufacturing industry. He empirical evidence that scale effects do not exist in Schumpeterian growth (Figure 6). Between 1957 and 1989 levels of RD remained constant as did technological progress despite an perspicuous increase in population (Zachariadis, 2002 569). The main finding in the paper is that RD has a strong positive affect on patent rates and is likely a cause of growth.Although most papers rely on data on patents to estimate technological progress, Xu (2000) measures technology spillovers from US multinational enterprises on 40 different countries. He finds that technology spillovers have a positive affect on productivity growth as long as they have met a certain level of human capital accumulation. This means countries that are relatively undeveloped like Brazil. These results are consistent with the findings of Aghion and Howitt (2006) above where developed countries have a greater emphasis on tertiary education and therefore a greater ability to innovate. Poorer countries need to reach a certain level of knowledge before they can successfully adapt technologies. As they move further towards the frontier the emphasis must shift to innovation in order to keep growing. Positive affects on productivity are still felt in the poorly developed economy but from other causes (Xu, 200 479). Griffith et al (2000) made a study in OECD countries on the effects of RD imitation in catching up to the efficiency frontier. As with Zachariadis, Griffith et al. find an affect on patents from RD. They also find human capita l affects innovation and imitation but international trade does not have a significant affect. Figure 7 was taken directly from their paper. TFPGAP is a measure of distance to the frontier and robust standard errors are in parentheses. Column 1 shows a positive, significant relationship of technology transfers on productivity growth, and in column 2 they introduce the effects of RD growth, also significant. In column 3 the level of RD and the relationship between RD is positive. The greater the distance to the frontier, the greater the chance of technology transfers to positively affect RD and growth but only at a ten per cent significance level.Aghion et al (2005) theoretically and empirically test the importance of financial development on convergence. This paper examines the role of financial development in supporting or hindering technological progress, the main force behind economic growth. Figure 8 shows total financial development and per capita gross domestic product. There is a positive relationship between the two factors. There is no longer a positive affect of financial development on growth once a country reaches near a 39 per cent level of development, which is the level of Greece (Aghion et al 2005 190)Section 6 ConvergenceConvergence is the concept that all countries will move towards the same economic growth rate. Convergence is theoretically possible because of the advantage of backwardness Gerschenkron (1962). Pritchett (1997) found that over the past 140 years that while the major economies moved towards convergence, there has been an overall divergence between the rich and the poor. This is the main idea driving the section on the efficiency frontier. First countries most mobilise resources, as seen with the large scale increases in inputs. They most also develop economic and financial institutions able to withstand and support prolonged growth. Technological progress is the last stage of convergence. This is the newer theory of club con vergence (Howitt and Mayer-Foulkes, 2004). Based on Schumpeterian growth theory, countries move towards different steady states determined by their level of development. The richest countries benefit from technology transfers amongst each other but the poorer group must reach the appropriate level of human capital to be able to support advanced technology first.Global convergence begun in the later stages of the industrial revolution where European countries and the new world countries USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand began to move towards similar growth rates (Pritchett 1997). even so the poorer countries were not able to match such progress. In fact the opposite happened during the period 1870 to 1990 the ratio between rich and poor went from 8.7 to 45 times the GDP per capita (Krugman, 1997 11). Howitt (2000) theorised that while countries are making positive investments in RD they should eventually converge to the long run growth path . This is because innovations in othe r countries can be easily adopted as long as the country has the appropriate underlying institutions (Howitt, 2000 830). Hence we have club convergence as shown in Figure 9. Growth path A represents those countries investing in modern RD and at the forefront of the efficiency frontier. Line B are those countries in the catch-up stage who have not reach reached the innovation stage of development. This could be a representation of countries such as the BRIC nations (Brazil, Russia, India and China), or the eastern tigers of the 1990s. Countries that are growing rapidly but that must make a structural and political change before they are completely industrialised. Line C are those countries that started far behind the rest and are too poorly developed to start converging and, though they are growing, are classified third world countries. Countries that are not investing at all in RD would be a flat line along the x axis. This is probably only the experience of remote amazonian tribes and other communities outback(a) from the modern world and so are not included in the model.Mayer-Foulkes (2000) proposes there are five clubs of convergence, experiencing divergence between groups. The richest group has the highest average steady state growth. Of the five groups, three describe different levels of development. In Mayer-Foulkes (2000) model development is defined by level of income, to represent propensity to innovate, and by average life expectancy, to show the level of human development. Groups 1, 3 and 5 represent high, medium and low levels of development, respectively. The other two groups, 2 and 4, are transiting to a higher level of development. Figure 10 shows the geographic locations were groups members are situated. This is mostly what is expected above except the BRIC nations are not in the one group. India for example is in group 4 (Mayer-Foulkes, 2002 8). Interestingly Argentina Uruguay are in the highest group. and Latin America dominates the third gr oup and the lowest group has only two non African members. Note that Eastern Europe has not been included. Three groups have been recognised as existing outside the model the ex-Soviet countries other countries that were previously, or are soon socialist and countries that are mainly oil-exporting. These groups experience a different growth pattern to the rest of the world and so are not converging to any of the steady states in other groups.In this model the economy produces a single good Zt with output dependent on the input of intermediate goods i at date t, denoted by x(i)t and , a parameter representing the non-technological aspects of total factor productivityZt = L1- o1 At(i)1-xt(i) diThe probability that an entrepreneur innovates, , is increasing with the skill level of entrepreneurs, St, the productivity of the innovation, , and the quantity of inputs, zt. is the Cobb-Douglas exponent of skills in innovation and t+1 is the global frontier. Such thatand the division by the global frontier represents the fact that as technologies become more advanced innovation becomes harder (Howitt Mayer-Foulkes, 20048,10). Note, this last assumption may not be realistic because inventions such as the steam train, electricity and computers have resulted in large increases in innovation.St = Atwhere is the entrepreneurs level of education. It follows that the equilibrium rate of innovation isAs at = At / t the local human capital level is compared to the global standard and the difficulty of coming from behind is captured in the equation. Greater values of At mean the country is at an advantage. Howitt and Mayer-Foulkes refer to this as the absorption affect (2004 11) because the probability of innovation is proportional to the skill level. Diving the national factors by the world growth rate gt implies an increase in growth globally hinders the rate of innovation. These are important because it represents the countries ability to effectively incorporate new techno logies into its own economy, thus the basis of the club convergence model. A low value of at implies a disadvantage of backwardness. Hence a countrys productivity can advance in to ways independently or towards the global standardOn averageAt+1 = tt+1 + (1-t)Atdividing both sides by the world productivity in the next period yieldsIn this case there is no absorption effect, so Gerschenkrons (1962) advantage of backwardness would apply (Howitt Mayer-Foulkes, 2004 12).In the above section the USA was acknowledged as the efficiency frontier. The USA is still a country, therefore the productivity rate of the efficiency frontier can be written astUS = US.atUS1 + gtThe growth of the USA would be the world growth rate. In this casegt = tUSwhere is a spillover affect from similarly advanced countries, line A in Figure

Internet Banking System Software Requirement Specification

Internet Banking System Softw ar Requirement SpecificationInternet banking system appends is specific tout ensembley developed for online banking for Balance Enquiry, capital Transfer to another government note in the same bank, supplicate for cheque book/change of address/stop payment of cheques, Mini statements (Viewing Monthly and yearly statements).PurposeThe Traditional way of maintaining details of a drug user in a bank was to enter the details and record them. Every time the user need to perform some transactions he has to go to bank and perform the necessary actions, which may not be so feasible all the time. It may be a hard-hitting task for the users and the bankers too. The project gives real life understanding of Internet banking and activities performed by various roles in the supply chain. Here, we provide an automation for banking system through Internet. Internet banking system project captures activities performed by different roles in real life banking which pr ovides enhanced techniques for maintaining the required information up-to-date, which results in efficiency. The project gives real life understanding of Internet banking and activities performed by various roles in the supply chain.ScopeThis Project investigates the entry threshold for providing a parvenu transaction service channel via the real options approach, where the entry threshold is established by using an Internet banking system designed for the use of normal users(individuals), Industrialists, Entrepreneurs, educational Institutions(Financial sections), Organizations and Academicians under transaction rate uncertainty.Customer must have a valid User Id and password to login to the systemIf a wrong password is attached thrice in succession, that storey will be locked and the client will not be able to use it. When an invalid password is entered a warning is given to the user that his account is going to get locked. aft(prenominal) the valid user logs in he is shown th e list of accounts he has with the bank.On selecting the desired account he is taken to a page which shows the present balance in that particular account number.User can request for the details of the last n number of transactions that he has performed.A report can also be taken of this.User can make a funds conveyance to another account in the same bank. User is provided with a transaction password which is different from the login password.User can transfer funds from his account to every other account with this bank. If the transaction is successful a notification should appear to the customer, in case it is unsuccessful, a proper message should be given to the customer as to why it failed.User can request for cheque book/change of address/stop payment of chequesUser can view his periodical as well as annual statements. He can also take print out of the same.Generate reports at every section executive director can take a back up of the database for every instance that is happen ing, periodically.All users are authenticated to avail the servicesFAQ section is also include for end users benefit.Definitions, Acronyms and AbbreviationsAdministrator He is the super user who can add new customers into banking system, and assigns corresponding username, password, account type and other details. When any customer withdraws his account from the bank, he can delete their account and stop the transactions immediately. He can generate different reports. He also takes the system backup.Team Members (Customers) After logging in he can request for balance enquiry in his account, Funds Transfer to another account in the same bank, Request for cheque book/change of address/stop payment of cheques, Mini statements (Viewing Monthly and annual statements).Industrialists, Entrepreneur, Organizations and academicians These are another type of customers. They will have particular information to be entered while logging in such as organization Id and so on. They can also perform all the actions what the normal customers are going to perform.HTML Hypertext Markup Language is a markup language used to design static web pages.EJB Enterprise Java Beans.J2EE Java 2 Enterprise mutant is a programming platform part of the Java Platform for developing and running distributed multitier architecture Java applications, based largely on modular software package components running on an application server.DB2 DB2 Database is the database management system that delivers a flexible and cost effective database platform to build robust on demand craft applications.WAS Web sphere application server is an application server that runs business applications and supports the J2EE and web services standards.WSAD Web sphere studio application developer is a toolkit which is designed for the creation of more complex projects, providing fully dynamic web application utilizing EJBs. This consist of EJB tools , CMP ,data mapping tools a universal test client that is designed to helper testing of EJB s.HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol is a transaction oriented client/server protocol between web browser a Web Server.HTTPS batten Hypertext Transfer Protocol is a HTTP over SSL (secure socket layer)TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, the suite of communication protocols used to connect hosts on the Internet. TCP/IP uses several protocols, the two main ones being TCP and IP.

The Analysis Of Translation Errors

The Analysis Of Translation ErrorsTranslation is one of the means that people accustom to other languages betterbeca commit in that location are a lot of languages spoken in this world. Since there are so many cultures and inclinations discriminateingd in this world, Indonesians need to learn other languages and one of them is typeface. In order to be able to switch over ideas with people in other countries, Indonesians need to be proficient in spoken and written English. However the majority of Indonesian people do not speak English. That is why they have to learn English from the basic. For them comment is a necessary aptitude. One of the problems in displacement reaction is that sometimes a translator cannot transfer messages intumesce (CITATION HERE). But because Indonesians lack of version skills, the author found that some works of rendering do not have the uniform message as the genuine writer wants to tell to the target language.Translating a metre can be chal lenging,. It should tell the context that the original language wants to tell and it must be of the same nub. According to Nida, translation is the re doing in a target language of the closest pendentive eq of the source language message (Nida, 1982, 208). If translators cannot translate the messages accurately, the readers volition have difficulty in understanding the messages.To understanding the messages accurately, the translation skill must be taught and maste red-faced. According to Gabrielatos (1998), translation has a long history in English Language Teaching. Many teachers use translation techniques to deliver their teaching materials. Translation is virtually frequently used as a convenient shortcut when teaching vocabulary, by providing equivalents in the learners mother tongues. The other reason is that a lot of written media, such as books, modules, novels, magazines are translated into English language. Translation skill is a basic skill in English. In order to understand English texts well, a person needs to be able to translate or even master the translation skill. Translation skill is also important for someone who works with TV or movie production.Translation work focuses in the area of education, particularly in higher education. In the Faculty of Letters, students learn the translation skills they have to take translation class. The Faculty of Letters offers two levels of translation class. In the basic translation class, students learn how to translate English readings or paragraphs to Indonesian. In the more advanced class, students learn to translate Indonesian paragraphs or articles into EnglishUnfortunately, many students cannot master the translation skill well. Due to such problems, the writer is concerned that the work of translation would be seen by the other English learners. They even-tempered have to learn that the essence of translation is to translate the sentence thoroughly, not by a word. By seeing the result of tran slation above, the students still face an ambiguity of Indonesian word, phrase, and sentence.In this ponder, the writer wants to investigate whether student translations are accurate or not and to find out(p) the most common errors in their translation. FIELD OF THE STUDYThis watch is in the field of LinguisticsSCOPE OF THE STUDYIn doing his research, the writer intends to examine the error analysis in translation. He is interested in analyzing the grammatical errors in students translations. However, spelling errors which do not affect the sate and the grammar of the text are ignored.PROBLEM FORMULATIONIn this study, the research problem is subject area and grammatical errors in translation. This study will address the following research questionsWhat translation error occurs in the students translation?What type of content and grammatical errors occur in the translation?What is the most dominant errors in translation?OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYThe objectives of this study are as followsTo investigate the kind of translation errors in students translation.To find type of content and grammatical errors occur in the translation.To compare the dominant translation error, whether grammatical or content errors occur in translation.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYThe writer hopes that this analysis can contribute to the discussion of content and grammatical errors in translation. The result of this study will hopefully serve English learners to improve their translation skill. If they are aware of the most common mistakes in translation, they will be able to avoid such errors. In addition, this study will provide suggestions and recommendations that learners and teachers can implement.DEFINITION OF TERMSa. Translation error can not deliver the meaning correctlyb. Content error failed to share ideas from the original textc. Grammatical error going out from the rule of a grammar in contextCHAPTER IIREVIEW OF LITERATURE2.1 TranslationScholars coiffe translation in dif ferent ways. Some define the term translation on the basis of the essence and the process of translation. According to Catford, the meaning of translation is the successor of textual material in one language by equivalent material in another language (Catford, 1965). In Catfords definition, the purpose of translation study is to convey an intended meaning of a material in the source Language (SL) into target Language (TL). So, the meaning in SL has to be equivalent with that in TL.Savory (1968) suggests that Translation is made possibly by an equivalent of thought that lies behind it different verbal expression. This means that the essence of translation lies on the equivalent thought. It means that the main ideas in the source language are the same as those in the target language.Nida and Taber define the meaning of translation by rivet it on the process of translation. They state that Translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style (1982). Their definition is the complete one. They state that in the TL, the meaning and the style (structure or grammar) must be as natural as possible, so the result of the translation does not look like a translation work.In those definitions, there are collar similar ideas. Firstly, there is a process of transferring from one language into another language. The second one is that the meaning has to be retained. The last, the translator must carry the closest equivalent idea in the target language.2.2 Common Problems in TranslationNewmark (1988) and Barnet Stubbs (1980) classify the errors found in translation into the followingDifferent senseIn this category the translation is totally different from the original text in terms of linguistic sense of meaning, be it in the word or sentence level. In this category, the translation is a misstatement of fact. (Newmark, 1988)Less precise or less accurat eThere is nothing perfect on the works of translation but it must get over the words into an original meaning of a sentence in whole. That is why this category is related to the precision or accuracy of the original text meaning. misdirect of phrasesTo translate the phrase to an exact word must be selected into several categories, whether the order of a word is accurate or not. In this category, the translation deprave of phrases such as more and more for increasingly, above all for particularly job for work got well for recovered and excessively familiar phrasal verbs (get out of, get rid of) (Newmark,1988).Misuse of formal or official registerThe translation errors are in the degree of formality, generality, and emotional tone of a text. For instance, expiration for death (Barnett Stubbs, 1980)Less coherentThe result of the translation does not fit in standard phrases and forms. For example in a narrative, it has formulaic opening (Once upon a time) and a formulaic close (the y all lived happily ever after).Less cohesiveIn this category, the translation error is related to the relation between sentences. The most common forms these take care connectives denoting addition (however, on the contrary), result (therefore, consequently), and other connectives. (Barnett Stubbs, 1980)AddedSometimes, the translation adds additional information which does not exist in the original text. (Barnett Stubbs, 1980)8. leftfield outIn this category, the translation misses the ideas of the original texts. (Barnett Stubbs, 1980)2.3 Grammatical ErrorsRichard (1971) suggests that ultralingual errors are those which reflect the general characteristics of rule learning, such as faulty generalizations, in complete diligence of rules, and failure to learn conditions under rules apply. This can happen when the subject is going out from the rule of a grammar in context.According to Richards, translation errors can be categorized as followsErrors in the Production of Verbs Grou psIn this case, the translation errors are related to the production of verb such as gerunds, infinitives, participles (present/ past), errors in the use of verbs forms after modals, and the production of agreements of verbs with subject. The examples are as followsErrors in the production of tense formsHe is speaks French.He did not asks me.Errors in the production of verb formsI enjoy to work.Did you go to shopping?Errors in the use of verb forms after modalsShe cannot goes.We must worked hard.Errors in the production of agreements of verbs with subjectsShe go to school everyday.They walks to the market.2.3.2 Errors in the Distribution of Verb GroupsErrors in the distribution of verb groups are sort into the inversion of verb and subject in direct or reported statements, the misuse of present or past participles, and the misuse of subject or objects. The examples are as followsErrors in the inversion of verb and subject in direct or reported statementsHe said that had he worked hard.She asked me whether was she hungry.The misuse of present or past participlesThe country was discovering by Colombus.I am interested in that.The misuse of subjects or objectsKate is my friend. He is a teacher.Eric is a doctor. I want to marry her.2.3.3 Miscellaneous ErrorsMiscellaneous errors are classified into errors in the use of pronouns, errors in the adverbs, errors in the use of adjectives, errors in the use of too or so, errors in the position of words, errors in the use of plural, and errors in the use of conjunctions. The examples are as followsErrors in the use of pronounsAnn met I at the museum.She walked between Eni and he.Errors in the use of adverbsShe sings beautiful.He ran fastly.Errors in the use of adjectivesI met a cordial man.She is a beautifully woman.Errors in the use of too or soI am so lazy to stay at home.I am too tired that I cannot workErrors in the position of wordsShe swims often in Tretes.He really is a good architect.Errors in the use of pluralT ina bought a watches.There are two dog in his house.Errors in the use of conjunctionsThough he is poor, but he is very diligent.Is a lemon sweet but sour?CHAPTER IIIMETHOD OF DATA COLLECTIONThis chapter contains the method of the study. It consists of methodological approach, source of data, data collection, and data analysis.In conducting this research, the writer uses quantative method. He uses quantative because the data will be in numerical form such as statistics, and percentages. He analyzes sentences, and then he describes and explores the errors and put them in the display board in form of percentage.3.1 MaterialThe sources of data for this study are the students assignments of translation course in the Faculty of Letters Soegijapranata Catholic University. The writer only investigates xx five assignments to limit the number of data.3.2 ProcedureThe writer collects students assignments and randomizes the twenty five of students assignments then analyse the mistakes happen the most. The mistakes can be found in the students assignments, identifying red stripe left by the lecturer. In doing this research, the writer used three steps. In the first place, in order to understand the meaning of the sentences, the writer reads the Indonesian sentences as a whole. later that, he reads the sentence by sentence and compared those sentences with the corresponding English sentences slowly and carefully. Furthermore, he focuses on the errors. He underlines the Indonesian part and the corresponding English error in bold type.There are some steps in the analysis. Firstly, the writer reads the Indonesian and the English sentence by sentence to know whether the content is already the same or not. If he finds out the content errors, he classified it based on the type of content error following Newmark (1988) and Barnett Stubbs classifications (1980).Table 1 Content errorNo. sentenceIndonesian textEnglish textCategoryCorrectionAfter he finishes identifying the conten t error, he identifies the grammatical error and classifies it into the type of grammatical error following Richards categories (1974).Table 2 Grammatical errorNo. sentenceIndonesian textEnglish textCategoryCorrectionFor the last part, he deals with the dominant translation error which occurred in the translation class. He makes three tables, they are consists of content error, grammatical error, and types of content and grammatical error and their frequencies.

Personal Narrative - I Am GI Jane Essay example -- Personal Narrative

I Am GI Jane Go Go Go yelled Drill Sergeant Saunders. I must have fallen asleep for a few seconds because I did non hear him give the order to start crawling. I opened my eye to all three drill sergeants surrounding me and screaming at the top of their lungs. In my mind I kept asking myself, Why did I exit hitched with the U.S. Army? Get the hell off of that wall exclaimed Drill Sergeant Hill. He continued to degrade me by yelling, You will amount to nothing if you dont get your head out of your ass. Why argon you not out crawling across the field? exclaimed Drill Sergeant Saunders. He continued by yelling, What are you waiting for, soldier? Then Drill Sergeant Moyer had to add to it by yelling, Pumpkin head get moving before you get shot She did not miss one breath while exclaiming, Move it Move it Move it She was the dreaded female who had a nickname for everyone. My location was Fort Jackson, South Carolina in the hot and humid late hours of a F ri twenty-four hour period night in the middle of July 1994. The temperature climaxed at a sweltering 120 degrees during the day with only a second-stringer of ten or twenty degrees during the night. I was in my fifth week of Basic Training and still trying to figure out if I treasured to be fairish a follower the rest of my life or if I wanted to be a leader some day. I did not figure out the answer to my problem until that miserable Friday night when I was so exhausted from a lack of sleep that I suddenly transform sleep depravation into motivation. While those three drill sergeants were degrading me, I finally had had enough and decided right then and there I was going on a mission to succeed. My unit, 309th Training Detachment, was on its ... ...hours the two halves switched. In the morning everyone in the unit was tired but we were eager to get things packed up and marching back the ten miles that we had come just two days before. I was in a relaxed frame o f mind because the ten miles back to the barracks just did not seem to be so bad compared to the past six-weeks of suffering. I knew that I would get the rest of the day to relax and then the following day I would be graduating from Basic Training. By the end of the six week Basic Training Course I felt I could succeed at each mission I set my mind to. By setting my mind to overcome my pain and suffering, I even believe I mess accomplish anything that God has in store for me. I believe this makes me a better person and to this day I do not have any regrets about choosing to be a U.S. Army Soldier. I feel great about my success.