The First Ten Presidents of the United States

How much do you know about each of the first ten presidents of the United States? Here is an overview of the key facts that you should know about these individuals who helped form the new nation from its very beginning to the time when sectional differences were starting to cause problems for the nation.   The First Ten Presidents George Washington - Washington was the only president to be elected unanimously (by the electoral college; there was no popular vote). He set precedents and left a legacy that has established the tone for presidents to this day.John Adams - Adams nominated George Washington to become the first president and was subsequently chosen as the first Vice President. Adams served only one term but had a huge impact during Americas foundational years.Thomas Jefferson - Jefferson was a staunch anti-federalist who just happened to increase the size and power of the federal government when he completed the Louisiana Purchase with France. His election was more complicated than you might realize.  James Madison - Madison was president during what was called the second war of independence: the War of 1812. He is also called the Father of the Constitution, in honor of his instrumental role in creating the Constitution. At 5 feet, 4 inches, he was also the shortest president in history.  James Mo nroe - Monroe was president during the Era of Good Feelings, yet it was during his time in office that the fateful Missouri Compromise was reached. This would have a major impact on future relations between slave and free states.John Quincy Adams - Adams was the son of the second president. His election in 1824 was a point of contention due to the Corrupt Bargain that many believe resulted in his selection by the House of Representatives. Adams served in the Senate after losing re-election to the White House. His wife was the first foreign-born First Lady.  Andrew Jackson - Jackson was the first president to garner a national following and enjoyed unprecedented popularity with the voting public. He was one of the first presidents to truly use the powers given to the President. He vetoed more bills than all previous presidents combined and was known for his strong stance against the idea of nullification.Martin Van Buren - Van Buren  served only one term as president, a period ma rked by few major events. A depression began during his presidency that lasted from 1837-1845. Van Burens show of restraint in the Caroline Affair may have prevented war with Canada.William Henry Harrison - Harrison died after only one month in office. Three decades before his term as President, Harrison was Governor of the Indiana Territory when he led forces against Tecumseh in the Battle of Tippecanoe, earning himself the nickname Old Tippecanoe. The moniker eventually helped him win the presidential election.  John Tyler - Tyler became the first vice president to succeed to the presidency upon the death of the William Henry Harrison. His term included the annexation of Texas in 1845.

Psychological Benefits of Exercise - 1746 Words

Intro: Physical activity, in its many forms, has been shown to have many positive affects on the body and mind. The many benefits include: 1) helping to stimulate the mind, 2) increasing feelings of well being, 3) reducing cholesterol, 4) helping to regulate blood pressure, 5) reducing feelings of anxiety, 6) improving quality of life, 7) reducing symptoms of Alzheimers and Rheumatoid Arthritis, and 8) reducing levels of visceral fat which lowers the risk of developing type II diabetes. Many of the benefits of exercise will be discussed in the following pages as discovered in peer reviewed research studies. This paper will concentrate on the affect of exercise on the human mind and exactly how exercise helps to stimulate the brain and†¦show more content†¦A research study in the British Journal of Sports Medicine has shown that exercise may help improve the mood of people who are clinically depressed. (2) Many people who are depressed have low levels of serotonin and exercise can help boost these levels. This is the basic premise from which the pharmaceutical companies have based the majority of anti-depression medication research. Low serotonin levels equals depression. Increased serotonin levels equals increased well-being. What is Serotonin? Serotonin is a neurotransmitter, which means its a brain chemical responsible for carrying messages between cells, messages that enable us to think, to move, to perceive Ââ€" to live. Under normal circumstances, a tiny 10mg circulate in the body. Yet if this amount drops, or the serotonin malfunctions, the effect can be profound. The bodys organs and cells are in constant communication with each other. Special chemical couriers transport these messages, including hormones and neurotransmitters like serotonin. These messengers pass signals from one cell to another by interacting with special gate-keeper molecules known as receptors. Each messenger molecule is able to unlock and activate only one specific receptor type. Serotonin, however, has the power to unlock at least 14 different receptors. (1) Once the messenger has gained entry to the right receptor, that receptor triggers a series of responses withinShow MoreRelatedPsychological Benefits Of Regular Exercise1 708 Words   |  7 PagesRegular exercise has a massive amount of physical benefits; it reduces a person’s likelihood of heart disease, strokes, diabetes, and high blood pressure, as well as many other conditions caused by obesity and an unhealthy lifestyle. However, there is also many psychological benefits to exercise, particularly in terms of mental health. Deslandes et al (2009) found that regular exercise can decrease the severity of many mental health disorders, including, but not limited to, anxiety, depression, andRead MoreEssay about The Effect of Excersie on Mental Health1084 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction A. Although most people know about the many physical benefits that result from consistent exercise: 1. More than 60% of adults do not achieve the recommended amount of physical activity. 2. In addition, 25% of all adults are not active at all B. This is disturbing, not only because so many people are missing out on the physical benefits that result from exercise, but on the mental benefits that result from exercise as well II. Body Main Point #1: A great deal of attentionRead MoreExercising With Dogs And Its Impacts On Physical Health1573 Words   |  7 Pages________________________________________ To what extent is owning a dog beneficial for a person’s physical and psychological health? ________________________________________ Jolin Guan Contents Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...3 Exercising with dogs and its impacts on physical health †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦.4 Taking responsibility and its impacts on psychological health †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Companionship and its impacts on psychological health †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 Reference List †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreThe Psychological Influences On Health And Wellbeing Of Exercise1521 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscussing the psychological influences and the social factors related to health and wellbeing of exercise. The Health Belief Model of behaviour has rival influences that are balanced and decided upon the individual themselves (Ajzen 1985, 1991 ; Ajzen and Madden 1986). Therefore an individual’s perception about their weight and the stress that comes with it shows that they are unhealthy and this can prevent them to be motivated and exercise daily. There are many benefits to exercise for an individualRead MorePsychological Effects Of Exercise On The Body s Overall Health1736 Words   |  7 PagesPsychological Effects of Exercise It is a well-kenned fact that exercise is very propitious to the body’s overall health. Exercise has been shown to enhance the circulation of blood throughout the body, relinquish solicitousness, boost self-esteem, and ultimately is utilized as a treatment for noetic illnesses. This paper perpetuates to expand fortifying major health benefits of conventional physical activity and exercise. However, there is withal a growing body of erudition that substantiatesRead MoreIndoor Vs. Outdoor Exercise856 Words   |  4 Pagesgeneral belief that exercisers profit from many physical and psychological benefits of physical activity (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003; Plante, Cage, Clements, Stover, 2006). Plante, Cage, Clements, and Stover (2006) sought to further the idea behind Plante, Aldridge, Bogden, and Hanelin’s (2003) study (which built off of the CDC’s 2003 research) concerning virtual reality’s role in the psychological benefits of exercise. Plante, Aldridge, Bogden, and Hanelin’s (2003) study includedRead MoreEssay The Many Benefits of Exercise1513 Words   |  7 Pagesthe lack of education about health and exercise. Exercise has a wide variety of positive effects on the body and mind that can be categorized in to three main parts. Part one describes psychological benefits, including the influences exercise has on the mind and its functions, as well as the behavioral changes it presents. Part two explains the physical qualities that exercise can enhance. This effect incorporates the body as apposed to the mind. Exercise affects your overall body appearance andRead MoreExercise At The University Of Hawaii Gym1426 Words   |  6 Pagesstructure at around 3:30 to 4:00 pm in the afternoon. As the seconds go by I see the UH student’s expression, movement, mood, and intensity as they exercise. Ranging from the basketball court where students are running up and down the court, talking, jumping, shooting, and making eye contact to their teammates. As the students perform resistance exercises (weight lifting), I see various individuals taking deep rhythmic breathes with their chin up, making sure their is back always straight as sweat formsRead MoreSwimming Is The Best Form Of Exercise89 3 Words   |  4 Pagesrecreation, studies show it is the best form of exercise for the body. The action of swimming dates back for centuries and is healthy activity that cuts through boundaries such age and physical disabilities. There are numerous types of exercises but when evaluating them all, it is easy to see why swimming is the best exercise. Swimming is the best form of exercise because it is not limited by age or abilities, and it has many psychological and physical benefits (â€Å"Swimming†). Swimming can be beneficial toRead MoreExercise And Severe Major Depression876 Words   |  4 Pages Fleck, M. P. (2015). Exercise and severe major depression: Effect on symptom severity and quality of life at discharge in an inpatient cohort. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 61(2), 25-32. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.11.005 The objective of the article was to determine if there was an increase benefit to the addition of aerobic exercise to standard care for the treatment of major depressive disorder. The authors examined the effects of aerobic exercise and standard care versus

Building Construction Free Essays

The collapse of the Interstate 35W bridge over the Mississippi River had done major damages in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Many assumptions and speculations about the causes of the collapse of the bridge system had appeared in the public. The public was seemingly confused about the real cause of the incidents and it is their right to be informed about the state of the investigation. We will write a custom essay sample on Building Construction or any similar topic only for you Order Now The closest and very logical of the causes indicated in some of the investigations are stress or fatigue failure and lack of redundancy. Environment, Design, and Description of the I-35W bridge The I-35W bridge supports a total of eight lanes (four lanes on each direction). The average daily traffic (ADT) is given as 15,000 in each direction , with ten percent trucks. Constructed in 1967, the 581 meter long bridge has 14 spans. The main span is consist of a steel deck truss. The south approach spans are steel multi-beam. The north approach spans include both steel multieam and concrete slab span. There are two steel deck trusses. Builtup plates mostly composed the truss members. Rolled I-beams comprised the diagonal and vertical members. The truss members undergo poor welding details with the connections as mainly riveted and bolted. According to recent evaluation and inspection before the collapse of the bridge, corrosion at the floorbeam exists and rust are forming between connection plates. The two main trussses have an 11. 6-meter cantilever at the north and south ends. Twenty-seven floor trusses spaced at 11. 6 meters are also present. These floor trusses were framed into the vertical members of the main truss. The floor trusses consist of WF-shape members and have a 4. 97- meter cantilever at each end. The design specifications used in the bridge was the 1961 American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHTO) Specifications. During that time, most of the design uses unconservative fatigue design provisions. According to the fatigue evaluation report provided by the University of Minnesota’s Center for Transportation Studies in 2001, the approach spans had exhibited several fatigue problems promarily due to the distortion of the girders. The bridge truss and the floor truss system also exhibited poor fatigue details. Lack of redundancy in the main truss system was also present in the design. It is stated in the evaluation report of the University of Minnesota that cracking due to fatigue cause by a future increase in loading will first appear on the floor truss. According to them this future cracks is detectable since the floor truss are easy to inspect. In the incidence that cracks are not detected, the bridge could still hold the bridge system without the entire collapse of the system. In the report, the failure of the two main trusses of the bridge will definitely take much effect to the bridge system. Fatigue Resistance The Standard Specification and the Load and Resistance Factor Design provided by the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHTO) contain similar provisions for the fatigue design of welded details on steel ridges. These details are designed ased on the nominal stress which can be calculated using standard design equations and does not include the effects of welds and attachments. Since fatigue is usually present during sevice load application, the design parameters is only applied during service load conditions. Cracks due to fatigue have insignificant effect on the structures in compression but have tremendous effect on structures that experience tension. With this idea, the assessment on the cracks that propagate on such a bridge as the I-35W should only be consider to elements in tension. Structural Redundancy In all the design criteria of any structural system, loads existed in variety of paths should be significantly consider. The strength and reliability of the system can be ensure by the existence of the redundant paths or elements. Without the existence of this redundant system of elements, the failure of the entire system is much possible. Past survey of the Committee on Redundancy of Flexural System on steel highway ad railroad bridges. The report summarized that a total of 96 structures were suffering some distress. It was also take into account that most of the failures were related to connections which were mainly welded. The report had also collected data which indicates that few steel bridges collapse if redundancy is present. Bridge systems with no redundancy was reported to have large number. In another research conducted by Ressler and Daniels, they found that the number of fatiguesensitive details present in the structure significantly affected the bridges with no redundant elements. Theoritical and Actual Bridge Response Many studies have shown that the simplified calculations used to predict the stresses provide a much higher value compare to the actual service stresses. Though the design calculations and load models provide appropriate results, it has great uncertainty in the maximum life of a bridge system. However, it is still beneficial to have an accurate estimate of the typical everyday stress ranges. In a large bridge, 20 Mpa is the typical value of the service live-load stress ranges. The stress ranges are typically governed by dead loads and strength design specifications. This is the reason why the stress ranges are small. Since the strength design must account for a single case loading scenario over the life of the bridge, conservative load models are used. In addition to load conservative models, the assumptions provided in the analysis of the design can also be the cause of the large difference of the predicted stress and actual stress. A great example of the effect of the assumptions is the case of the US Highway 69 in Oklahoma. Fatigue damage was said to be present upon the welding that had been used in the widening of the bridge. The design computations of the bridge illustrated that the allowable stress ranges could be exceeded at over 100 locations on the bridge. However, when the bridge was inspected, it appeared that the measure stress ranges was only 27 percent of the allowable stress ranges. This only shows the great effect of the assumptions used in the design of a certain structural system. Moreover, another study that indicates fatigue failure to be caused by the considerable amount of corrosion takes into account. This is the case of the Bridge 4654 in Minnesota where measured stress ranges ranged from 65 to 85 percent of the calculated analysis. These differences are to be point out to the fact that analytical methods provide assumptions that neglect ways in which the structure resists loads. For example, the study conducted y Brudette et al. , more than 50 years of bridge test data were collected and examined to determine specific load-resisiting mechanisms that are ignored in the design of the system. The study concluded that lower stress ranges in a structure can be due to unintended composite action, contribution from non-structural elements, unintended partial fixity at abutments and direct transfer of load through the slab to the supports. In another study of the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario, they conducted a program of bridge testing that included more than 225 bridges over a period of 15 years. The study noted that much of the bridges can sustain much larger loads than their estimated capacities. Observations were also made regarding the behavior of the steel truss bridge. The observations are as follows: 1) the stringer of the floor system share a large tensile force thus reducing the strains experienced by the chord in contact with the floor system and 2) Composite action in non-composite system was shown to exist. How to cite Building Construction, Papers

Should College Athletes Be Paid free essay sample

When looking at the revenue that is generated from sporting events, the idea that comes to mind is millions, and for college athletics, this is no exception. The revenue that is generated through the NCAA alone is quite overwhelming. While the amount of revenue is large, little of the money is retained by the NCAA national office. About 96 percent is distributed directly to the Division I membership or to support championships or programs that benefit student-athletes. The remaining 4 percent goes for central services, such as building operations and salaries not related to particular programs. For 2011-12, NCAA revenue is projected at $777 million, with $680 million coming from the Associations new rights agreement with CBS Sports and Turner Broadcasting (NCAA, Revenue). With the amount of money coming in as revenue for the colleges, the expenses are relatively minimal in comparison, and these expenses mostly include costs for colleges to either host or run a specific sporting event. The money that is left after expenses have been taken out is then reinstated to the colleges: Each year, about 60 percent of all NCAA revenue is returned directly to the Division I conferences and member institutions. For the 2010-11 fiscal year, that figure was $478 million (61 percent) (NCAA, Distributions). This does not seem right on many levels. The member institutions are receiving 60 percent of the money and retaining it for use throughout the college. There needs to be a change in policy for college athletics at a state level to distribute this money throughout the people who actually made it; the athletes. States should adopt a bill similar to the Nebraska Bill proposed by Senator Ernie Chambers to the Nebraska business and labor committee. The bill requires the University of Nebraska football layers to be paid a certain amount of money (Stipend), if three other states within the Big 12 Conference would also pass the bill. Each state should highly consider adopting this bill, but make a minor change and have compensation available to all student-athletes because the student-athletes first amendment rights are being violated (more specifically the freedom of speech and the right to publicity), the athletes would experience life in professional business, and then finally, athletes should not have to leave college with debt. Some objections to this policy are how hey bring about issues dealing with Title IX and gender equality, the fact that amateurism may be compromised if this policy is adopted, and how the policy would be impractical for the colleges to pay their student-athletes. Background In the past, the idea of student-athlete compensation has often been debated. Colleges are reaping all the benefits from athletes performances and exposure. Obviously, this has some benefits for each side, the student-athlete and the institution, but it will be shown that the negatives for the athletes far outweigh the negatives that the college suffers. Several court cases have been heard over the years to give college athletes the rights to their own image under the First Amendment and right to publicity, but they have come up short. v. National Collegiate Athletic Association and College Licensing Company. In the complaint, OBannon contends that the NCAA has violated his Right of Privacy, as well as the Right to Publicity of the classes by licensing their likeness and image, without permission and for profit, and that the NCAA has not shared that revenue with the classes. After a long and drawn out process, the Northern District Court of California uled in favor of the NCAA and the CLC because OBannon signed Form 08-3a which authorizes the NCAA name or picture to generally promote NCAA championships or other NCAA events, activities, or programs. OBannon argued that Form 08-3a was illegal because it was very vague and ambiguous. Without signing this document, none of the players would be allowed to practice or compete in their sport (Edward C. OBannon v. NCAA and CLC). Another notable case is Samuel Michael Keller v. Electronic Arts. Inc. EA Sports), National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA); Collegiate Licensing Company. EA Sports made their case about the video game image and name use. The video games produced by EA Sports have enhanced the problem associated with the right to publicity. Everyone has seen ads for the newest video games that EA Sports is promoting from MLB and NCAA baseball to NCAA and NBA basketball to both professional and col lege football and so on. The graphics of the games get better and better as the years progress, and we see that the players on each game are more and more lifelike than the year before. This can be shown through the attributes each player hold from height and weight to Jersey number and then from the style of play hey use to even minor details like the helmet and facemask each player has. Keller made the same argument as OBannon saying that EA Sports, NCAA, and CLC were illegally making money off his image. OBannon then Joined forces with Keller along with several former NCAA players to see if the lawsuit would hold up. Instead of the court siding with either one, Keller demanded a trial by Jury. In an interview session done by Outside the Lines, Keller was quoted saying that Im Just doing something that I believe is right, and its not about making a quick buck for me. Its a lot bigger than me. Its about thousands of college athletes, and its about changing how this whole thing works (OTL: NCAA Mixed Messages). The lawsuit is still ongoing, and has yet to have a final say either way. Definitions/Meanings There are several terms and definitions to get familiar with and know throughout the interpretation of this policy. All of the following are vital to understanding certain points and making the discussion relevant: Right to Publicity, Intellectual Property Law, the Sports Laws definition of Pay, a stipend, and finally Title X. Right to Publicity The right of publicity prevents the unauthorized commercial se of an individuals name, likeness, or other recognizable aspects of ones persona. It gives an individual the exclusive right to license the use of their identity for commercial promotion (Cornell University). Cornell Law School continues saying that the right of publicity is protected by state common or statutory law, and only about half of the states recognize this right. Many of the states that do not include the right to publicity include it under their own Right to Privacy laws (Cornell University). Sports Law Pay The term pay specifically includes, but is not limited to receipt irectly or indirectly of any salary, gratuity, or comparable compensation; division or Association, and excessive or improper expenses, awards and benefits. Expenses received from an outside amateur sports team or organization in excess of actual and necessary travel and meal expenses for practice and game competition shall be considered pay (Berry and Wong). Intellectual Property Law Intellectual property law is A controversial term referring to a number of distinct types of expressions for which a set of monopoly rights are recognized under the corresponding field of law. Under intellectual property law, owners are granted certain exclusive rights to a variety of intangible assets, such as musical, literary, and artistic works; discoveries and inventions; and words, phrases, symbols, and designs (United States Patent and Trademark Office). Some common types of intellectual property rights include copyrights, trademarks, patents, industrial design rights, and trade secrets in some cases. Stipend A stipend is payment made to students for work completed but it is not necessarily based on work performed or hours of work. Many stipends are offered to tudents who are completing an internship or apprenticeship and used to help defray the costs of housing, food, and transportation (Loretta). Title IX No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, or denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance (United State Department of Labor). Current Policy As it is clearly stated in the NCAA bylaws regarding Amateur Status and Pay policy, no amateur athlete may be permitted to the following types of compensation: Prohibited Forms of Pay. Pay, as used in Bylaw 12. 1. 2 above, includes but is not limited to, the following: 1 . Salary, Gratuity or Compensation, 2. Division or Split of Surplus, 3. Educational Expenses, 4. Expenses, Awards, and Benefits, 5. Payment Based on Performance, 6. Preferential Treatment, Benefits or Services, and 7. Prize for Participation in Institutions Promotional Activity (NCAA Constitution, art. 12). Of these seven general topics, there are subdivisions to Educational Expenses, Expenses, Awards and Benefits, and Payment Based on Performance; each of which oes into much greater detail about certain aspects of the rule. These in-depth subdivisions can be from National Governing Bodies to Olympic Committees, from Benefits Prior to Entry of a College to Benefits going to the parents of the athlete and anything in between. For a more analyzing look at all these bylaws, refer the NCAA Division I Manual for Operating and Administrative Bylaws. Another source, the Law and Business of the Sports Industry Volumes I and II, provides more insight into the policies regarding the general term pay as it applies to college athletes. The Sports Law and Business section includes benefits stated under the Extra Benefits section. The following are several examples of the extra benefits listed from the Law and Business of Sports text: 1 . A special document, payment arrangement, or credit on purchase; 2. A benefit connected with on-campus or off-campus student-athletes housing; 3. Signing or co-signing a note with an outside agency to arrange a loan; 4. The use of an automobile; 5. An institution selling a student-athlete ticket(s) to an athletic event (Berry and Wong, sec. 2. 15-2). Several sources have indicated that they would like to see the athletes be paid Players Association, Ramogi Huma, had this to say: The $2,000 stipend approved last week [by the NCAA] was a step in the right direction but falls short of an athletes full cost of attendance (Auerbach). Former sports agent Josh Luchs had this to say in response to the $2,000 stipend: Someone or something will step in to fill the gap between the $2,000 and the full cost of attendance and it could be agents with improper benefits. [Adding $2,000] is Just like throwing a guy on a 10-story burning uilding a three-story ladder, Luchs said. It makes absolutely no sense (Auerbach). Proposed Policy Since there is no legislation for a policy like this, the Nebraska pay for play policy should be slightly altered and adopted by the states. The Nebraska Senator Ernie Chambers, who first introduced the bill stated that Just as the Declaration of Independence spelled out a detailed bill of particulars Justifying the separation of the American colonies from England, LB 688 sets forth very precise and specific reasons that lead inexorably to the conclusion that University of Nebraska-Lincoln ootball players are entitled to compensation in the same manner that other students are compensated when they perform work for the university. Plus, they are the only category of students that produce, rather than consume, revenue (Horn). The alteration to this bill would simply state that ALL student-athletes are entitled to compensation. The proposed policy change would allow all student-athletes to get compensated for their efforts both on and off the field. This would make the rules much clearer and the athletes would benefit greatly from the change. Instead of aving so many lawsuits between college athletes and the NCAA, EA Sports, CLC, or whoever, this would take a lot of the bad politics out of the college athletic system. The policy would allow the students to be paid with a certain amount of money that is decided by the school itself, and the policy would allow for the colleges to set their own criteria for the student-athletes to access the money. This is good because it allows flexibility in the colleges. (Nocera) Explanation of Technology The development of home video games has made huge strides in the area of technology over the past 30 years. This can be shown by how home video games started, how gaming console sales have increased, then finally how the games themselves have become so realistic, life-like, and interactive. Video games became popular in Japan in the early 1980s [1983]; names such as Nintendo, Sega Enterprises, and Bandai Co. came to be popular. All of these products were owned by foreign countries, mostly in Japan (Kids Web Japan). This was Just the start of a multi- million dollar industry and soon took off from there. Following the original development of video games, the evolution of consoles and games began. Gaming onsole manufacturers built close ties with video games publishers. This meant that certain games could only be played on specific games; in turn, the sale of each console and depends on the popularity of the games that can be played on it (Kids Web Japan). In short, how well the console sells depends mostly on how fun or popular the games are. Another area of interest would be how many consoles were sold which goes along with the popularity. The three major companies and their products, Nintendo Wii, Sony Playstation 3, and Microsoft Xbox 360, have exploded in popularity over the past few years. In 2011, the world-wide sales from (Reilly). So world-wide sales shows how Microsoft won the gaming battle by 800,000 consoles in 2011. New developments in each of these gaming consoles are sure to follow as the technology and gaming industries are ever changing and adapting. This leads us to the last point of the gaming industry which is the life-like and interactive abilities inside the games themselves. Part of the reason the consoles are so popular has to be because the games are as close to life-like as possible. Examples of this are the sports such as Madden, FIFA, the NBA 2K series, and not to mention all of the NCAA sports games. The producers of these games take pride in what they do when it comes to the graphics and player likeness. Height, weight, hometown, even little likenesses such as wristbands, facemasks, and shoes are all analyzed and taken into consideration when developing these games year to year. These are Just several reasons why video games have burst on to the scene in recent years, and they will continue growing. Next, there is the example of how much money is being earned by the television stations from college athletics alone. The numbers that follow are of revenue earned y high profile conferences annually: ACC $240 million, Big Ten $236 million, Big 12 $200 million, PAC-12 $225 million, and the SEC $205 million (Peloqutn). Televtston stations have been making millions at the expense of college athletes. A recent petition finds the NCAA in hot water with over 300 major college football and basketball players. The document urges the NCAA and college presidents to set aside an unspecified amount of money from what it estimates is $775 million in recently acquired TV revenues in an educational lock box for football and mens basketball players. Players could tap those funds to help cover educational costs if they exhaust their athletic eligibility before they graduate (ESPN. com News Services). Practical Arguments Some arguments that can be made for the implementation of this bill would be how the players rights are being violated (right to publicity), how the athletes should be free to pursue endorsements like a professional, and that those athletes should not have to leave school in debt. Institutions are violating a form of Entertainment Law specifically in the area of Personal Rights. A successful persons name and image is a aluable commodity. Use of ones name and likeness by another party can infringe on rights held by said person. These overlapping categories include the right to privacy, right to publicity, unfair competition, defamation, and First Amendment law (Lawbrain). Other areas in law that this violates is the misappropriation of a name or likeness. All individuals are vested with exclusive property right to their identity. No person, business, or other entity may appropriate an individuals name or likeness without permission (Citizen Media Law). This bill would compensate those athletes hose name and/or image rights have been violated, and thus paying the players whose rights were wrongfully violated. Not only would this make it legal for the video game industries and other forms of media to use and benefit from the players images, but also the NCAA would still be making money from the players as well. Having the freedom to pursue endorsements much like the professional athletes is another area that can be argued. Michael Wilbon of ESPN gives arguments that include both personal and public endorsements such as media exposure. He In this particular article, Wilbon was originally against paying college student- thletes, but later changes his stance on the subject. Wilbon on why he changed his stance: That $11 billion deal†OK, its 10. 8 billion to be exact†between the NCAA and CBS/Turner Sports for March Madness between 2011 and 2024. Were talking $1 1 billion for three weekends of television per year. On top of that, theres a new four- year deal with ESPN that pays the BCS $500 million (Wilbon). Wilbon continues, bringing up several points as to where the millions of dollars generated through the NCAA goes, then asks an interesting question: Why cant hundreds of millions of ollars be directed into those, [talking about assistance funds and opportunity funds] and in turn make money more accessible to athletes for the kinds of regular day-to- day expenses that regular college students pay by working Jobs that are off-limits to intercollegiate athletes? (Wilbon) Wilbon continues in the article, Certain players jerseys are worth more than others, so why wouldnt the players that are more high profile try to get some money for themselves? For example, a high profile running back vs. an offensive lineman; obviously the person who is in the spotlight will get more money. Another would be a football player vs. soccer player; this is Just another example of how our society works with people that are in the media. What Wilbon is getting at is not that it is necessarily correct for colleges to pay their athletes, but to let them go out and pursue their own endorsements. If the student [as] athlete can find a way, he/she should be able to endorse products, to have paid-speaking gigs, to sell memorabilia, as Allen Sack, the author and professor at the college of business at the University of New Haven has suggested in recent years. The best college athletes n the two revenue-producing sports have always been worth much more than tuition, room and board, and books The players have become employees of the universities and conferences as much as students†employees with no compensation, which not only violates common decency but perhaps even the law (Wilbon). Finally, there should be a way to help out college athletes pay for schooling other than scholarships. In a study done by the National College Players Association, these results were found in regards to the shortfall after scholarships were taken into account, Based on the estimated scholarship shortfalls across the 36 NCAA Division I colleges and universities included in this study for the academic year 2009-2010, the average estimated scholarship shortfall was $2,951 per year. Projected out over a four year period, a student on a full scholarship would bear of debt of $11,804. Over a five year period of time, that debt would rise to $14,755 (National College Players Association). Those were Just the results for an average college student with a full scholarship. The next set of results were shown from the full scholarship athletes perspective: The data revealed that NCAA cholarship limitations can leave a full scholarship athlete with expenses ranging from as low as $200 up to $10,962 per year depending on the institution. For athletes attending schools with the largest gaps, this means that their educational expenses can exceed $55,000 over a five year span of time (National College Players Association). Ethical Arguments The theories of RCBA, Existentialism, and Kant all support for changing the policy that is currently in place. First we look at Risk, Cost, Benefit Analysis (RCBA). This is how to applying it to how it affects individuals, communities, and as an economy. Who is potentially affected by the position you support? (Hatcher, 148) Look at both the short term and long term. Others include personal, social, financial, and societal (Hatcher, 148). When looking at the policy from an RCBA standpoint, we have to calculate what the average pay an athlete would receive if they were to divide the scholarship given by the number or hours spent on their particular craft. Using an athlete from the University of Kansas whose name cant be given for privacy reason, the numbers were as follows. Keep in mind that these athletes are not allowed to receive money utside of what they receive for scholarship. Tuition Room and Board Required Course Fees Books (Average) Other Expenses Transportation (Average) Cost Per Semester $4,182 $3,718 $858 $425 $1,208 $989 Number of Semesters 9 8 2 Total Amount $37,638 $29,744 $1,716 $3,400 $10,872 $8,901 Grand Total $92,271 that would be expensed out of pocket being a normal college student. Now, lets look at the amount of scholarship received as compared to the number of hours spent during their sport. These calculations include practice, film (both required and on own time), training room visits, summer workouts (weight lifting and running), then inally game days. A little over $92,000 is quite a bit of money for anyone who is going to school, but for an athlete, it takes a huge toll because they are prohibited from holding an outside Job, and therefore must acquire loans. Practice Game Day Film (Total of Both) Training Room Workouts Hours Spent Per Week 18 14 7 24 Weeks Per Year 17 11-16 16 13-17 10-12 Total Hours 306 88-128 224 91-119 (At Least) 949 Hours (At Most) 1065 Hours This table shows Just how much time is spent during a specific sport or activity (in this case Division I football). Then finally, the last table is going to show what the ere working at a minimum wage Job instead of participating in their sport. This will put it into perspective Just how much each student-athlete is making. Minimun Hours Maximum Hours Hours (Worked) 949 1065 Minimum Wage $7. 25 Amount Made $6880. 25 $7,721. 25 Average Scholarship Roughly $8,500 Average Cost Per Year $23,067. 75 Remaining Balance $7,687. 50 $6,846. 50 The above table shows how much more money the athletes need Just to fulfill their expenses as college students, and these numbers were Just for in-state students for an undergraduate. The out-of-state tuition is almost $14,000 higher, so those who are ttending college who reside in other states need to be prepared to pay a pretty penny to go to school. The numbers also dont include the amounts for the different departments that are affiliated within this University (I. E. other major besides a general undergraduate). On the other hand, from a risk and cost standpoint, if the students were to get paid for their play, then some risks are present. One would be that the students may not finish school since they are getting compensated. For some of the high profile players, the NFL, NBA, or MLB may be a better option rather than getting a degree. The endorsement deals and money they could possibly earn may alter their ideas about getting an undergraduate degree. Since there are only a select few that would enter into each draft at a professional level, the benefits for getting paid would outweigh the risks and the costs. They would be able to pay off their loans while pursuing their degree, which would lead to a good career as a fall back if the professional leagues did not work out. Next, some would look at an Existentialist point of view. An existentialist would say that there are basic freedoms that we have as humans. Furthermore, existentialists ook at ethics of endorsement and say that if one side of the argument is allowed to do a certain task, then that makes it ethical for everyone to do (Hatcher, 156). In this own image and/or name. This would be in their favor and would not harm any other parties involved. Since the colleges are already making money off the athletes, an existentialist would say it is ethical for the athlete to want the same thing. Finally, there is the Kantian approach to ethics. Kant would support this policy because this approach values each individual as a person rather than as a product or brand name. In this particular instance, the student-athlete would be valued as an individual rather than Just an intangible asset. Meaning, when it comes to the athletes livelihood, the college would actually support them making money with the use of their own image and name as opposed to holding them back; so, it is ethical. This applies along with the Universilization Test. The Universilization Test states that if the situation is universalized toa broad population [if everyone did it], would it have harmful consequences or is it Justifiable? This determines whether a situation is absolutely right or absolutely wrong (Hatcher, chap. ). Furthermore, it passes the Universilization Test because if every player received royalties, then it would not implode on itself since everyone would be able to get those benefits, so it is ethical. Arguments against Policy Several arguments that would go against this policy are the reconciliation with Title X, which refers to the subject of gender equality, how amateurism would be compromised as a whole, and then the idea of the play for pay policy is Just impractical due to money reasons. First, there is Title X, as we already know from the definitions; Title IX says they men and women) have equal rights in participation. If the proposed policy was to be placed by the colleges, some would argue that the womens sports are more likely to get shorted than the mens. In regard to the concept of pay-for-play, Title IX is generally seen as a substantial roadblock Meaning that despite the friction thats existed between some mens sports and Title X, the latter actually may serve as the best protection for every program against implementation of a pay-for-play system that didnt take into account all student-athletes (Voepel). This comes with good concern, but is a contradiction in itsel f. Since the Educational Amendment of Title IX in 1972, Title IX would actually protect the female athletes from being excluded in the compensation. The Department of Labor states this, Nothing contained in this section shall be interpreted to require any educational institution to grant preferential or disparate treatment to the members of one sex on account of an imbalance which may exist with respect to the total number or percentage of persons of that sex participating in or receiving the benefits of any federally supported program or activity, in comparison with the total number or percentage of persons of hat sex in any community, State, section, or other area (United States Department of Labor). This means that there cannot be a discrepancy between groups or men or women Just because one group has more participants than the other. The women have Just as much right to the benefits as the men do. Next would be the compromise of amateurism itself. Amateurism is Just how it sounds; amateur. This means that the athletes are not getting paid any money besides the scholarships that brought them to the University they attend. Keeping the amateur image in college sports has always been a big part of the NCAA and they