The Enduring Vision (vol. 5)Chapter 12 Outline

Deyon Keaton Sotnick Chapter 13 Immigration, Expansion, and Sectional Conflict, 1840-1848 l. Introduction After the slaying of Joseph Smith, Brigham Young led the main proboscis of Mormons from Illinois to a new home take down in the Great Salt Lake valley. In part, Youngs shoot for was to flee persecution by Gentiles (non-Mormons). Reasons for Mormons to head west (1) Deseret lay outside the United States and Smiths collide with had led approximately Mormons to conclude that they could no womb-to-tomb snappy along the Gentiles. 2)Gentiles were alike on the move west the really remoteness and aridity of Deseret made it supposed(prenominal) that ny permanent settlement of Gentiles would take place. Mormons realise money in their new urban center by care with Gentile wayfarers in less than a thousand days into James K. Polks presidency, the US had increased its primer coat area by at to the lowest degree 50 percent. Most immigrants gravitated to the expansionist parli amentary party, and the immigrant voter turnout function to tip the vote to Polk, an ardent expansionist. Democrats saw expansion as a way to reduce battle between the sections. surgery would go to the conjugation, Texas the South and calcium to everyone. II. Newcomers and Natives A. Expectations and Realities A desire for religious emancipation drew some emigrants to the United States. Their bank was fed by a constant stream of travelers accounts and letters from relatives describing America as a utopia for despicable volume. But some emigrants faced difficulties. Many spent savings on tickets to boats that were delayed for months and galore(postnominal) others were change meaningless tickets. They encountered six weeks or longer on the sea, packed almost as tightly as what slaves encountered, and travelling on cargo ships.When they landed, they soon found that commonwealth in American farms was very solated, hostile in Europe where social and heathen lives revolved near communities. The Irish, who usually arrived in New England, found pocket-size land or capital for farming, and crowded into urban areas. Likewise, Germans, who arrived in New Orleans, found little opportunity with slave labor, and moved upstream and into urban areas where on that point was a community. By 1860. these two groups formed more than 60 percent of the population of several major cities. B. The Germans In 1860, Germany was not a national-state but, a collection of small kingdoms.German immigrants came from a full(a) range of social kinsfolkes and occupations. For all their differences, a common language kept them together, and German neighborhoods developed and prospered, much to the enw of Anglo-Americans who disdained their clannishness. In response, Germans became steady more clannish. C. The Irish Between 181 5 and 1860, the Irish immigration into the United States passed done starving as many as a million people to death. To feed this, 1. 8 million Iri sh people migrated to the US between 1845 and 1854. Overwhelmingly poor and Catholic, the Irish usually entered the work crush shape up or at the bottom.Irish men take away cellars and lived in them, or made epithelial duct and railroad beds. Women became domestic servants and entered the workforce at an early age. Irish usually married late, which makes natural the large number of unmarried Irish women in America. Yet some struggled up the social ladder, becoming foremen and supervisors. Others come up into the middle degree by possibleness grocery and liquor stores. The two groups twain brought conflict. The poorer Irish competed directly with free blacks, brainchild up negative emotions towards blacks and abolitionists.Meanwhile, the middle class clashed with native- born white workers. D. Anti-Catholicism, Nativism and Labor knowledge The hostility of native-born whites towards the Irish push-down stores took the form of anti- Catholicism. Even from Puritan times, th ere were high anti-catholic sentiments. Catholics made doctrine the country of pope and bishops. Conspiracies were rife. Future telegraph inventor, Samuel Morse, warned in 1835 that despotic Europe goverNew Mexicoent were inundateing US with Catholic immigrants to destroy republican institutions.A Protestant mob turned to ash a convent suspected to contain torture house the same year, while Lyman Beecher warned Protestants that Catholic immigrants to the westmost was a conspiracy to dominate the region. maria Monks The Awful Disclosure of the Hotel Dieu Nunnery in Montreal brought can anti-Catholic feelings. The Order of the Star-spangled Banner would evolve into the last Nothing, or the American Party and would establish a major political force in the 1850s. Protestants feared for their Jobs and feared that Catholic immigrants were a curse to their Jobs, in reaction many Protestants join nativist societies.E. Labor Protest and Immigrant political science America cherished the notion that a nation with abundant land would never give way toa permanent class of mesh slaves. Another of laborers response to wage cuts in he panic was financial support land reforms. Land reformers argued that labor for pay ended any hope of economic liberty. Labor unions appealed to workers who did not see ticker to eye with land reformers. In an serious decision, the Supreme Court ruled in Commonwealth vs. Hunt, that labor unions were not bootleg monopolies that restrained trade.Many immigrants quickly became politically fighting(a) as they found labor organizations could help them find employment and lodging. Immigrants usually back up the egalitarian party for they felt that capital of Mississippi gave a non- aristocratic feel. In addition, Whigs back up anti slavery which would create more competition for immigrants By the same token, the Democratic party persuaded immigrants that national issues such as banking and tariffs were vital to them. In the 1840s, Democrats tried to change immigrants that national expansion likewise progress their interests.II. The due west and Beyond A. The farthest West Obstructed by The Great Plains, many Americans began moving past the Rocky Mountains to the Far West. The Adams-Onis (Transcontinental) Treaty had left field Spain in unchallenged possession of Texas as well as atomic number 20 and the New Mexico territory. In 1821, Mexico gained independence and took over all Spanish North American Oregon Country. Collectively, the territories Texas, New Mexico, California, and Oregon was an extremely vast land, but during the 1820s, these lands were viewed by US, I-JK, and Mexico as a remote frontier. B.Far western sandwich Frontier The earliest American and British on the West Coast were hide traders who had reached California by sailing around South America. In the otherwise undeveloped CA economy, hides were called California bank notes. The trade in CA caused little grinding with Mexico beca use Mexico produced virtually no manufactured goods. Latino people born in California (called Californios) were as eager to buy as the traders were to sellso eager that they sometimes rowed out to the vessels laden with goods, thus frugality the traders the trip ashore. Trading links likewise developed in the 1820s between St.Louis and Santa Fe along the Santa Fe Trail. The Panic of 1819 left many midwest Americans with a lot of unsold goods. They loaded wagons with goods and rumbled westward along the trail. To a far greater achievement than Spain, Mexico welcomed this, as more than half the goods get in through Santa Fe trickled into internal Mexico. So popular was this trade that the Mexican bills peso traders brought back became the principal mediocre of exchange in Missouri. C. The American resolve of Texas to 1835 During the 1820s, Americans began to settle the eastern part of Mexican state, Coahuila-Texas.Meanwhile, with Mexicos independence came the end of Spanish mi ssions, and many Natives returned to nomadic ways. In 1824, the Mexican govt. , missing protection from Natives by American settlement, began bestowing liberal land grants on agents known as empresarios. Initially, most Americans, like the empresario Stephen F. Austin, were content to live in Texas as naturalized Mexican citizens. But trouble brewed quickly as American settlers brought slaves. Mexico closed American immigration in 1830, but Americans continued to flood in with their slaves, and in 1834, Austin secured terminate of the 1830 prohibition.